20260327_opposition-brief_df_response-to-motion-for-limited-discovery-and-index.md

- 1 Stephen B. Coleman (State Bar #021715) Kate E. Cox (State Bar #041001)
- 2 PIERCE COLEMAN PLLC 17851 N. 85th Street, Suite 175
- 3 Scottsdale, Arizona 85255 Tel. (602) 772-5506
- 4 Fax (877) 772-1025

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[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])

[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])

- 6 Attorneys for Defendants City of Phoenix and Laura Pastor

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## IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA IN AND FOR THE COUNTY OF MARICOPA

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Jeremy Thacker,

Plaintiff,

v.

City of Phoenix, and Laura Pastor, in her capacity as District 4 Councilwoman,

Defendants.

Discovery is strongly disfavored in special actions. And for good reason. In such proceedings, 'the speedy determination of the issue is of prime consideration.' See Riggins v. Graham , 20 Ariz. App. 196, 198 (1973). Permitting discovery stands in firm tension with goal of expediency. Nevertheless, Plaintiff seeks leave to conduct burdensome discovery, through an expansive 30(b)(6) deposition, as part of a fishing expedition to test the validity of the Defendants' response. This tactic is antithetical to the special action framework and would open the floodgates for any requestor to seek 'rare' discovery by simply alleging that a public entity's response was incomplete.

Importantly, this special action does not present a dispute over whether the Defendants, the City of Phoenix and District Four Councilwoman Laura Pastor (collectively, the 'City') have improperly withheld certain categories of documents. Instead, the issue presented is whether discovery is warranted where the City has conducted

No. CV2025-007652

## DEFENDANTS ' RESPONSE TO PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR LIMITED DISCOVERY AND INDEX

(Assigned to the Honorable Randall H. Warner)

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a reasonable search and represented, consistent with its legal and ethical duties, that it has made reasonable efforts to produce all responsive records within its possession, custody, and control.

Plaintiff's motion rests on unsupported speculation that additional records exist and seeks intrusive discovery that is neither necessary nor consistent with the streamlined nature of special action proceedings. The City respectfully requests that the Court deny Plaintiff's requested relief.

## FACTUAL BACKGROUND

This special action arises from two public records requests submitted by Plaintiff Jeremy Thacker to the City of Phoenix (the 'City') pursuant to Arizona's Public Records Law, A.R.S. § 39-121 et seq.

On September 30, 2023, Plaintiff submitted two requests through the City's centralized public records portal. The first request sought communications-including emails, text messages, mobile phone logs, social messaging, and other forms of communication-between members of City Council District Four and certain identified individuals and organizations. The second request sought similar categories of communications between members of City Council District Four and two additional named individuals-employees in the City's Planning Department. [City's Confirmation of Receipt of Plf.'s Public Records Request R004767-093023, attached as Exhibit 1; City's Confirmation of Receipt of Plf.'s Public Records Request R004768-093023, attached as Exhibit 2] The City acknowledged receipt of both requests that same day and assigned tracking reference numbers through its public records system. [Exhibit 1; Exhibit 2]

The City processes approximately 11,000 public records requests each year-that is more than 211 requests per week on average. The City's robust records process involves routing requests through the Public Records Division of the City's Communications Office to relevant departments and custodians to identify, search for, and produce responsive materials. As reflected in the City's standard communications to Plaintiff acknowledging his requests-communications with which Plaintiff is undoubtedly familiar, as he has filed

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a total of twenty-six public records requests with the City since July of 2023-requests are processed in accordance with A.R.S. § 39-121 et seq. and may require coordination among multiple offices. [ See Exhibit 1; Exhibit 2]

In March 2025, the City onboarded a new employee to serve as a Public Records Coordinator. This new employee brings the headcount of the Public Records Division to four. The purpose of onboarding this new employee was to bolster the Public Records Division to enable it to process requests more quickly.

On the Public Records Coordinator's first day, she received an emailed list of requesters and topics to flag to management. The purpose of this email was not to delay or deny requests, as Plaintiff postulates, but, rather, to allow monitoring where the requestor or subject matter requires particularized attention.

The City has since conducted a reasonably diligent search and produced the records responsive to both of Plaintiff's requests-431 pages of emails and eight pages of text messages. Although these records were not provided until after Plaintiff filed this special action, the City has fully complied with its obligations under A.R.S. § 39-121 et seq .

In addition, while Plaintiff questions the 'neutrality and reasonableness of the Defendant's search and response process' [Plf.'s Mot. for Limited Discovery and Index, at 4], he fails to inform this Court that after he filed this matter, the City worked cooperatively with his counsel to conduct an additional search for records. [April 2025 Email Exchange between City Attorney and Plf.'s Counsel, attached as Exhibit 3] In fact, the City's attorneys cooperated in good faith with Plaintiff's counsel to make reasonable efforts to locate the records Plaintiff sought by formulating agreed-upon search terms that went well beyond Plaintiff's initial public records requests. [ See Exhibit 3 at 4] The City's attorneys provided Plaintiff's counsel all records located during this second search.

## ARGUMENT

Arizona law favors openness and transparency, requiring a public body to promptly furnish existing records in its custody. A.R.S. § 39-121. It does not require the creation of new records, the preservation of records beyond approved retention schedules, or the

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undertaking of limitless investigative efforts to satisfy speculation that additional documents might exist. As demonstrated below, the undisputed record establishes that the City satisfied its obligations under the Arizona Public Records Act when it furnished Plaintiff with the responsive material.

## I. Discovery-Which Is Rarely Permitted in Special Actions-Is Not Justified Here Because It Is Not Necessary.

There is no right to discovery in a special action. See RPSA 7(g). Rather, 'the speedy determination of the issue is of prime consideration.' See Riggins , 20 Ariz. App. at 198. Accordingly, discovery is permitted only in exceedingly rare instances where it is absolutely necessary for the resolution of the disputed issues. 2025 Comment to RPSA 7(g). Plaintiff fails to meet this high threshold. His motion is premised not on concrete evidence of inadequate search or unlawful withholding, but on speculation and inference. Such conjecture does not justify permitting discovery-let alone the expansive form of discovery, a 30(b)(6) deposition, that he requests.

## A. Information Sought is not Relevant or of Sufficient Evidentiary Value to Warrant Discovery.

As the Arizona Court of Appeals recognized in Riggins , discovery is inappropriate where the requested information lacks sufficient evidentiary value to justify delaying the resolution of the special action. 20 Ariz. App. at 198. Here, Plaintiff argues that a material factual dispute exists regarding whether the City's search was reasonably calculated to identify responsive records. However, Plaintiff's own counsel collaborated with the City in developing the scope of the second search. [Exhibit 3] That fact significantly undermines any claim that the search methodology was unreasonably deficient or biased.

Moreover, Plaintiff's motion seeks to probe the City's internal collection and review processes rather than to obtain specific, identifiable records that allegedly exist but were not produced. Courts routinely reject such requests absent a concrete showing of a deficient process-evidence that does not exist in this matter.

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## B. Plaintiff's Evidence Does Not Demonstrate Sufficient Need for Discovery.

'Unless an appropriate showing is made on which the court in an original special action can ground its exercise of discretion to issue special orders concerning discovery, the parties are generally not entitled to discovery.' 2025 Comment to RPSA 7(g) (citing King v. Neely , 143 Ariz. 329, 331 (App. 1984) (affirming trial court's denial of discovery when there was no showing of illegality or actions in excess of power).

Plaintiff's proffered evidence does not meet this standard. That twenty months elapsed before the City provided Plaintiff with the responsive records, and that the Plaintiff's name was included on an emailed list of individuals and topics for which requests should be flagged as high profile, does not warrant the Court taking the rare step of ordering discovery. See Riggins , 20 Ariz. App. at 198 ('The trial court, after a hearing, ruled that some of the information had already been furnished to the Recipients and that the remainder of the information sought was not relevant or of sufficient evidentiary value to warrant an order compelling discovery.'). The inclusion of Plaintiff's name in an email to the Public Records Coordinator is not evidence of obstruction or obfuscation; it can just as easily be construed as demonstrating the City's commitment to take special care in processing and responding to Plaintiff's requests and the requests of other similarly frequent requestors.

Plaintiff's reliance on a February 28, 2022, email referencing text messages likewise falls short of demonstrating that this is the rare case in which discovery is necessary. The email states, in pertinent part: 'I have been texting with Laura and I would love to set up a meeting to visit with her about project at Glenrosa and Central. Could you possibly help me get that scheduled?' [Plf's Mot. at Exhibit 2] Contrary to Plaintiff's misguided insinuation, the email does not indicate that the sender texted Councilmember Pastor about the Glenrose/Central project .

Significantly, Arizona's public records law applies only to documents pertaining to official activities. As the Arizona Supreme Court has stated: '[W]e reject [the] argument

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that all e-mails generated or maintained on a government-owned computer system are automatically public records[;] [s]ome e-mails will relate solely to personal matters and will not, therefore, reflect the requisite substantial nexus with government activities.' Griffis v. Pinal Cnty. , 215 Ariz. 1, 5 (2007). Here, the February 28, 2022 email leaves unanswered the question of whether Councilmember Pastor sent or received texts that constitute public records, as opposed to messages that were personal in nature. Without more, Plaintiff's assertions are too attenuated to justify the need for discovery.

Furthermore, Plaintiff has failed to establish that the purported text messages existed at the time of his request. The City's retention schedule provides for the disposal of such messages after ninety days. [Excerpt from City's Records Retention Schedule, attached as Exhibit 4] Plaintiff submitted his request on September 30, 2023, more than nineteen months after the February 28, 2022 email, meaning that any such messages may have been lawfully destroyed. The absence of responsive text messages is, therefore, entirely consistent with lawful records management practices and does not create a factual dispute warranting discovery.

Critically, Plaintiff cannot simply will nonexistent documents into existence through the forcefulness and repetition of his requests. Nor can Plaintiff bootstrap speculation into necessity by stacking inference upon inference-first, that additional records must exist; second, that they were processed through a different workflow; and third, that that workflow was somehow unreasonable. This chain of conjecture is insufficient to justify discovery in a special action.

## C. Plaintiff's Request Is, In Substance, An Attempt to Conduct 'Discovery on Discovery.'

Much like the discovery process in the civil litigation context, Arizona's public records law operates on an honor system grounded in legal and professional obligations to produce relevant, nonprivileged information, after reasonable inquiry, that is within the

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## party's possession, custody, and control. This concept was discussed in LKQ Corp v. Kia

Motors Am., Inc. , where the court explained:

Discovery production is akin to an honor system. We trust that attorneys uphold their professional obligations and responsibilities by following the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to produce relevant, nonprivileged information, after a reasonable inquiry, that is within their client's possession, custody, and control. As a general rule, attorneys do not secondguess each other's processes for producing responsive information. They may request more information after an initial disclosure or argue about objections, but generally they do not need a deep dive into the collection, review, and processing methodology of their opponent. If second-guessing was the norm, the whole discovery system would break down into an endless barrage of motions based on mistrust about the opponent's production. Counsel's status as an officer of the court, combined with the possibility of serious sanctions embedded in Rules 11 and 37 and other professional disciplinary measures, serve as a deterrent to lawyers from either intentionally or negligently failing to produce information. Trust in an adversarial process appears contradictory at first, but it is the bedrock of modern discovery practice and has worked well for decades.

## 345 F.R.D. 152, 156 (N.D. Ill. 2023).

Here, Plaintiff is seeking the functional equivalent of 'discovery upon discovery.' And, because the request is made in the context of a special action, it is doubly disfavored.

Plaintiff's second-guessing here is clearly unwarranted given the City's efforts to work cooperatively with his counsel to conduct a second search for records with agreedupon terms and scope. Absent specific and substantial evidence of a material failure, courts do not permit parties to conduct intrusive examinations into collection and review methodologies. Id. at 162-63. As LKQ Corp. Court properly acknowledged, if secondguessing was the norm, the whole discovery system would break down into an endless barrage of motions based on mistrust about the opponent's production. Id. at 157.

This principle is particularly compelling in a special action where the procedural framework prioritizes speed and efficiency. Allowing 'discovery on discovery' here would undermine those objectives and invite precisely the type of protracted litigation that LKQ cautions against. If a plaintiff could secure discovery merely by claiming that a public

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entity's response might be incomplete, then discovery would effectively become routine in nearly every public records case-an outcome that directly conflicts with the fundamental principle that special actions are meant to be resolved quickly and without discovery.

## II. Plaintiff's Asserted Need for Information Can Be Provided Through Less Intrusive Means.

Assuming arguendo that Plaintiff is entitled to discovery (which he is not), he should be limited to using the least intrusive means necessary to obtain relevant information. Instead, he's opted for a 30(b)(6) deposition, which is a notoriously burdensome discovery tool. Courts have explicitly acknowledged that preparing a corporate witness designee for deposition may be an onerous and burdensome task. Great American Ins. Co. of New York v. Vegas Const. Co, Inc. , 251 F.R.D. 534, 540 (D. Nev. 2008). The burden arises because the organization must identify appropriate witnesses, ensure they review all matters known or reasonably available to the organization, and prepare them to provide complete and binding testimony on behalf of the entity. See Id.

Plaintiff's request discovery is also plagued by other infirmities. Despite his purported 'evidence' of nonresponsiveness being limited to text messages sent to Councilmember Pastor, Plaintiff is requesting to depose a representative of the City on fifteen sweeping categories that span across multiple Public Records requests.

Plaintiff's request for 'limited' discovery is a misnomer, insofar as he seeks, among other things, limitless and City-wide testimony regarding:

- Policies and practices regarding records of public business on non-City-issued devices or accounts, including what steps Defendants take (if any) to capture or preserve such communications when they relate to official activity, and how Defendants determined whether such sources were implicated here.
- Retention, archiving, and deletion practices relevant to the custodians/systems searched, including any applicable retention schedules or purge cycles for email, text messaging, and collaboration tools during the relevant time period.

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Notably, these are just two of the fifteen requests, and they would apply universally to the City, a large, complex organization with more than 14,000 employees and 41 departments.

Furthermore, given the City's decentralized records-management structureinvolving multiple departments, custodians, and subject-matter experts-compliance would likely require the preparation and appearance of numerous individuals. Such an undertaking is fundamentally inconsistent with the streamlined and expedited nature of a special action while providing marginal, if any, evidentiary value.

If the Court deems discovery necessary, the City can affirmatively provide Plaintiff with information regarding efforts to retrieve and produce text messages sent or received by Councilmember Pastor by furnishing sworn declarations from relevant City employees and officials. Indeed, this was mentioned as the preferred method in Plaintiff's own legal authority: '[T]he agency may rely on affidavits or declarations that provide reasonable detail of the scope of the search.' Phoenix New Times, L.L.C. v. Arpaio , 217 Ariz. 533, 539, 177 P.3d 275, 281 (Ct. App. 2008)

If the Court determines that additional information is warranted, mechanisms that are more efficient and less intrusive than a 30(b)(6) deposition exist to provide that information. The use of such methods better aligns with the principle that discovery is rare and limited in special actions.

## III. The City Is Not Required to Provide an Index, Nor Is One Necessary.

Plaintiff's request for an index likewise lacks legal or evidentiary support. A.R.S. § 39-121.01(D)(2) provides, 'if requested, the custodian of the records of an agency shall also furnish an index of records or categories of records that have been withheld and the reasons the records or categories of records have been withheld from the requesting person. (emphasis added). The statute clarifies that for 'the purposes of this paragraph, 'agency' has the same meaning prescribed in § 41-1001 . . . .' A.R.S. § 41-1001(1) defines 'agency' as:

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any board, commission, department, officer or other administrative unit of this state, including the agency head and one or more members of the agency head or agency employees or other persons directly or indirectly purporting to act on behalf or under the authority of the agency head, whether created under the Constitution of Arizona or by enactment of the legislature. [ ] Agency does not include a political subdivision of this state . . . .

(emphasis added).

Thus, as a matter of public policy, the Legislature made a deliberate decision to spare municipalities from the burden of creating an index. This Court should not casually override this policy decision.

While the statute permits courts to order an index from a public body other than an agency in appropriate circumstances, such relief is unnecessary here because Plaintiff has failed to present any evidence that responsive records were discovered but improperly withheld.

## CONCLUSION

Plaintiff has not demonstrated that this is the rare case in which discovery is necessary in a special action. His motion is grounded in speculation, rather than evidence, seeks intrusive examination of internal processes, and would undermine the expedited framework governing special actions.

For these reasons, the City respectfully requests that the Court deny Plaintiff's Motion for Limited Discovery and Index.

RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED this 27th day of March, 2026.

## PIERCE COLEMAN PLLC

By: /s/ Stephen B. Coleman Stephen B. Coleman Kate E. Cox 17851 N. 85 th Street, Suite 175 Scottsdale, Arizona 85255 Attorneys for Defendants

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ORIGINAL of the foregoing *e-filed with the court this 27th day of March, 2026, via AZ Turbo Court:

*The Honorable Randall H. Warner

Joshua W. Carden ROBINSON LAW OFFICES [email protected]

By: /s/

Mary Walker

• the speedy determination of the issue → be In → such proceedings
  “In such proceedings, 'the speedy determination of the issue is of prime consideration.'”
• This tactic → open → the floodgates
  “This tactic is antithetical to the special action framework and would open the floodgates for any requestor to seek 'rare' discovery by simply alleging that a public entity's response was incomplete. ”
• District Four Councilwoman Laura Pastor Laura Pastor individual → withhold → certain categories of documents
  “District Four Councilwoman Laura Pastor (collectively, the 'City') have improperly withheld certain categories of documents.”
• the ' City ' ) → withhold → certain categories of documents
  “District Four Councilwoman Laura Pastor (collectively, the 'City') have improperly withheld certain categories of documents.”
• The City → assign → tracking reference numbers
  “[City's Confirmation of Receipt of Plf.'s Public Records Request R004767-093023, attached as Exhibit 1; City's Confirmation of Receipt of Plf.'s Public Records Request R004768-093023, attached as Exhibit 2] The City acknowledged receipt of both requests that same day and assigned tracking reference numbers through its public records system.”
• The City → process → approximately 11,000 public records requests
  “[Exhibit 1; Exhibit 2] The City processes approximately 11,000 public records requests each year-that is more than 211 requests per week on average.”
• the City → onboarde In → March 2025
  “[ See Exhibit 1; Exhibit 2] In March 2025, the City onboarded a new employee to serve as a Public Records Coordinator.”
• the City → comply with → its obligations under A.R.S. § 39 - 121 et seq § A.R.S.
  “Although these records were not provided until after Plaintiff filed this special action, the City has fully complied with its obligations under A.R.S. § 39-121 et seq . ”
• the City 's attorneys → cooperate In → fact
  “In fact, the City's attorneys cooperated in good faith with Plaintiff's counsel to make reasonable efforts to locate the records Plaintiff sought by formulating agreed-upon search terms that went well beyond Plaintiff's initial public records requests.”
• - → reflect → the requisite substantial nexus
  “[s]ome e-mails will relate solely to personal matters and will not, therefore, reflect the requisite substantial nexus with government activities.'”
• mails → reflect → the requisite substantial nexus
  “[s]ome e-mails will relate solely to personal matters and will not, therefore, reflect the requisite substantial nexus with government activities.'”
• - → relate to → personal matters
  “[s]ome e-mails will relate solely to personal matters and will not, therefore, reflect the requisite substantial nexus with government activities.'”
• mails → relate to → personal matters
  “[s]ome e-mails will relate solely to personal matters and will not, therefore, reflect the requisite substantial nexus with government activities.'”
• The City 's retention schedule Retention Schedule individual → provide for → the disposal of such messages
  “The City's retention schedule provides for the disposal of such messages after ninety days.”
• The City 's retention schedule Retention Schedule individual → provide after → ninety days ninety days
  “The City's retention schedule provides for the disposal of such messages after ninety days.”
• attorneys → secondguess → each other 's processes
  “As a general rule, attorneys do not secondguess each other's processes for producing responsive information.”
• attorneys → secondguess As → a general rule
  “As a general rule, attorneys do not secondguess each other's processes for producing responsive information.”
• This principle → be in → a special action where the procedural framework prioritizes speed and efficiency
  “This principle is particularly compelling in a special action where the procedural framework prioritizes speed and efficiency.”
• the procedural framework → prioritize → speed and efficiency
  “This principle is particularly compelling in a special action where the procedural framework prioritizes speed and efficiency.”
• the procedural framework → prioritize → efficiency
  “This principle is particularly compelling in a special action where the procedural framework prioritizes speed and efficiency.”
• the City → provide with → information regarding efforts to retrieve and produce text messages sent or received by Councilmember Pastor by furnishing sworn declarations from relevant City employees and officials Councilmember Pastor
  “If the Court deems discovery necessary, the City can affirmatively provide Plaintiff with information regarding efforts to retrieve and produce text messages sent or received by Councilmember Pastor by furnishing sworn declarations from relevant City employees and officials.”
• A.R.S. § § individual A.R.S. individual → define → agency Agency
  “A.R.S. § 41-1001(1) defines 'agency' as: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 any board, commission, department, officer or other administrative unit of this state, including the agency head and one or more members of the agency head or agency employees or other persons directly or indirectly purporting to act on behalf or under the authority of the agency head, whether created under the Constitution of Arizona or by enactment of the legislature.”
• A.R.S. § § individual A.R.S. individual → define including → the agency head and one or more members of the agency head or agency employees or other persons Agency
  “A.R.S. § 41-1001(1) defines 'agency' as: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 any board, commission, department, officer or other administrative unit of this state, including the agency head and one or more members of the agency head or agency employees or other persons directly or indirectly purporting to act on behalf or under the authority of the agency head, whether created under the Constitution of Arizona or by enactment of the legislature.”
• the Legislature Legislature individual → make → a deliberate decision to spare municipalities from the burden of creating an index
  “Thus, as a matter of public policy, the Legislature made a deliberate decision to spare municipalities from the burden of creating an index.”
• This Court → override → this policy decision
  “This Court should not casually override this policy decision. ”
• RESPECTFULLY → submit → this 27th day of March , 2026
  “RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED this 27th day of March, 2026. ## PIERCE COLEMAN PLLC By: /s/”
• RESPECTFULLY → submit → # # PIERCE COLEMAN PLLC PIERCE COLEMAN
  “RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED this 27th day of March, 2026. ## PIERCE COLEMAN PLLC By: /s/”
• requests → flag as → high profile
  “That twenty months elapsed before the City provided Plaintiff with the responsive records, and that the Plaintiff's name was included on an emailed list of individuals and topics for which requests should be flagged as high profile, does not warrant the Court taking the rare step of ordering discovery.”
• categories → withhold → the records or categories of records
  “A.R.S. § 39-121.01(D)(2) provides, 'if requested, the custodian of the records of an agency shall also furnish an index of records or categories of records that have been withheld and the reasons the records or categories of records have been withheld from the requesting person.”
• His motion → ground in → speculation
  “His motion is grounded in speculation, rather than evidence, seeks intrusive examination of internal processes, and would undermine the expedited framework governing special actions. ”
• she → receive → an emailed list of requesters and topics
  “On the Public Records Coordinator's first day, she received an emailed list of requesters and topics to flag to management.”
• she → receive On → the Public Records Coordinator 's first day
  “On the Public Records Coordinator's first day, she received an emailed list of requesters and topics to flag to management.”
• It → require → the creation of new records
  “It does not require the creation of new records, the preservation of records beyond approved retention schedules, or the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 undertaking of limitless investigative efforts to satisfy speculation that additional documents might exist.”
• It → require → the preservation of records beyond approved retention schedules , or the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 undertaking of limitless investigative efforts to satisfy speculation that additional documents might exist Retention Schedule
  “It does not require the creation of new records, the preservation of records beyond approved retention schedules, or the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 undertaking of limitless investigative efforts to satisfy speculation that additional documents might exist.”
• it → be for → the resolution of the disputed issues
  “Accordingly, discovery is permitted only in exceedingly rare instances where it is absolutely necessary for the resolution of the disputed issues.”
• that → exist in → this matter
  “Courts routinely reject such requests absent a concrete showing of a deficient process-evidence that does not exist in this matter. ”
• the court in an original special action → ground on → which
  “'Unless an appropriate showing is made on which the court in an original special action can ground its exercise of discretion to issue special orders concerning discovery, the parties are generally not entitled to discovery.'”
• I → texte with → Laura
  “The email states, in pertinent part: 'I have been texting with Laura and I would love to set up a meeting to visit with her about project at Glenrosa and Central.”
• e → reflect → the requisite substantial nexus
  “[s]ome e-mails will relate solely to personal matters and will not, therefore, reflect the requisite substantial nexus with government activities.'”
• e → relate to → personal matters
  “[s]ome e-mails will relate solely to personal matters and will not, therefore, reflect the requisite substantial nexus with government activities.'”
• that → constitute → public records
  “Here, the February 28, 2022 email leaves unanswered the question of whether Councilmember Pastor sent or received texts that constitute public records, as opposed to messages that were personal in nature.”
• that → be in → nature
  “Here, the February 28, 2022 email leaves unanswered the question of whether Councilmember Pastor sent or received texts that constitute public records, as opposed to messages that were personal in nature.”
• they → need → a deep dive
  “They may request more information after an initial disclosure or argue about objections, but generally they do not need a deep dive into the collection, review, and processing methodology of their opponent.”
• they → need into → the collection , review , and processing methodology of their opponent
  “They may request more information after an initial disclosure or argue about objections, but generally they do not need a deep dive into the collection, review, and processing methodology of their opponent.”
• it → be → # # 345 F.R.D. 152 , 156 ( N.D. Ill. 2023 ) 345 F.R.D. 152 N.D. Ill.
  “Trust in an adversarial process appears contradictory at first, but it is the bedrock of modern discovery practice and has worked well for decades. ## 345 F.R.D. 152, 156 (N.D. Ill. 2023). ”
• LKQ → caution against → that
  “Allowing 'discovery on discovery' here would undermine those objectives and invite precisely the type of protracted litigation that LKQ cautions against.”
• that → conflict with → the fundamental principle
  “If a plaintiff could secure discovery merely by claiming that a public 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 entity's response might be incomplete, then discovery would effectively become routine in nearly every public records case-an outcome that directly conflicts with the fundamental principle that special actions are meant to be resolved quickly and without discovery. ”
• that → span across → multiple Public Records requests
  “Despite his purported 'evidence' of nonresponsiveness being limited to text messages sent to Councilmember Pastor, Plaintiff is requesting to depose a representative of the City on fifteen sweeping categories that span across multiple Public Records requests. ”
• A.R.S. § § individual A.R.S. individual → define as → 1 2 3 4
  “A.R.S. § 41-1001(1) defines 'agency' as: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 any board, commission, department, officer or other administrative unit of this state, including the agency head and one or more members of the agency head or agency employees or other persons directly or indirectly purporting to act on behalf or under the authority of the agency head, whether created under the Constitution of Arizona or by enactment of the legislature.”
• A.R.S. § § individual A.R.S. individual → define as → 5 6
  “A.R.S. § 41-1001(1) defines 'agency' as: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 any board, commission, department, officer or other administrative unit of this state, including the agency head and one or more members of the agency head or agency employees or other persons directly or indirectly purporting to act on behalf or under the authority of the agency head, whether created under the Constitution of Arizona or by enactment of the legislature.”
• Which → permit in → Special Actions
  “## I. Discovery-Which Is Rarely Permitted in Special Actions-Is Not Justified Here Because It Is Not Necessary. ”
• requests → flag for → which
  “That twenty months elapsed before the City provided Plaintiff with the responsive records, and that the Plaintiff's name was included on an emailed list of individuals and topics for which requests should be flagged as high profile, does not warrant the Court taking the rare step of ordering discovery.”
• they → process through → a different workflow If
  “Nor can Plaintiff bootstrap speculation into necessity by stacking inference upon inference-first, that additional records must exist; second, that they were processed through a different workflow; and third, that that workflow was somehow unreasonable.”
• he → fail at → 4
  “for Limited Discovery and Index, at 4], he fails to inform this Court that after he filed this matter, the City worked cooperatively with his counsel to conduct an additional search for records.”
• It → require → the 1 2 3 4 5 6
  “It does not require the creation of new records, the preservation of records beyond approved retention schedules, or the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 undertaking of limitless investigative efforts to satisfy speculation that additional documents might exist.”
• he → be → which
  “Assuming arguendo that Plaintiff is entitled to discovery (which he is not), he should be limited to using the least intrusive means necessary to obtain relevant information.”
• these → be → just two of the fifteen requests If
  “1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Notably, these are just two of the fifteen requests, and they would apply universally to the City, a large, complex organization with more than 14,000 employees and 41 departments. ”
• [agent] → entitle → the parties
  “'Unless an appropriate showing is made on which the court in an original special action can ground its exercise of discretion to issue special orders concerning discovery, the parties are generally not entitled to discovery.'”
• [agent] → construe → it
  “The inclusion of Plaintiff's name in an email to the Public Records Coordinator is not evidence of obstruction or obfuscation; it can just as easily be construed as demonstrating the City's commitment to take special care in processing and responding to Plaintiff's requests and the requests of other similarly frequent requestors. ”
• [agent] → limit → he
  “Assuming arguendo that Plaintiff is entitled to discovery (which he is not), he should be limited to using the least intrusive means necessary to obtain relevant information.”
• [agent] → require → The City
  “The City Is Not Required to Provide an Index, Nor Is One Necessary. ”
• [agent] → withhold → that
  “A.R.S. § 39-121.01(D)(2) provides, 'if requested, the custodian of the records of an agency shall also furnish an index of records or categories of records that have been withheld and the reasons the records or categories of records have been withheld from the requesting person.”

{
  "id": "4a71c20d-5dc9-483a-b857-1ff87418923e",
  "status": "completed",
  "created_at": "2026-05-29T04:34:34.615490Z",
  "updated_at": "2026-05-29T04:34:48.041963Z",
  "input": {
    "content": "- 1 Stephen B. Coleman (State Bar #021715) Kate E. Cox (State Bar #041001)\n- 2 PIERCE COLEMAN PLLC 17851 N. 85th Street, Suite 175\n- 3 Scottsdale, Arizona 85255 Tel. (602) 772-5506\n- 4 Fax (877) 772-1025\n\n5\n\n[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])\n\n[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])\n\n- 6 Attorneys for Defendants City of Phoenix and Laura Pastor\n\n7\n\n8\n\n## IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA IN AND FOR THE COUNTY OF MARICOPA\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nJeremy Thacker,\n\nPlaintiff,\n\nv.\n\nCity of Phoenix, and Laura Pastor, in her capacity as District 4 Councilwoman,\n\nDefendants.\n\nDiscovery is strongly disfavored in special actions.  And for good reason.  In such proceedings, 'the speedy determination of the issue is of prime consideration.' See Riggins v. Graham , 20 Ariz. App. 196, 198 (1973). Permitting discovery stands in firm tension with  goal  of  expediency.  Nevertheless,  Plaintiff  seeks  leave  to  conduct  burdensome discovery, through an expansive 30(b)(6) deposition, as part of a fishing expedition to test the validity of the Defendants' response. This tactic is antithetical to the special action framework and would open the floodgates for any requestor to seek 'rare' discovery by simply alleging that a public entity's response was incomplete.\n\nImportantly,  this  special  action  does  not  present  a  dispute  over  whether  the Defendants, the City of  Phoenix  and District  Four  Councilwoman  Laura  Pastor (collectively,  the  'City')  have  improperly  withheld  certain  categories  of  documents. Instead, the issue presented is whether discovery is warranted where the City has conducted\n\nNo.  CV2025-007652\n\n## DEFENDANTS ' RESPONSE TO PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR LIMITED DISCOVERY AND INDEX\n\n(Assigned to the Honorable Randall H. Warner)\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\na reasonable search and represented, consistent with its legal and ethical duties, that it has made reasonable efforts to produce all responsive records within its possession, custody, and control.\n\nPlaintiff's motion rests on unsupported speculation that additional records exist and seeks  intrusive  discovery  that  is  neither  necessary  nor  consistent  with  the  streamlined nature of special action proceedings. The City respectfully requests that the Court deny Plaintiff's requested relief.\n\n## FACTUAL BACKGROUND\n\nThis special action arises from two public records requests submitted by Plaintiff Jeremy Thacker to the City of Phoenix (the 'City') pursuant to Arizona's Public Records Law, A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121 et seq.\n\nOn  September  30,  2023,  Plaintiff  submitted  two  requests  through  the  City's centralized  public  records  portal.  The  first  request  sought  communications-including emails,  text  messages,  mobile  phone  logs,  social  messaging,  and  other  forms  of communication-between members of City Council District Four and certain identified individuals and organizations. The second request sought similar categories of communications between members of City Council District Four and two additional named individuals-employees  in  the  City's  Planning  Department.  [City's  Confirmation  of Receipt of Plf.'s Public Records Request R004767-093023, attached as Exhibit 1; City's Confirmation of Receipt of Plf.'s Public Records Request R004768-093023, attached as Exhibit 2] The City acknowledged receipt of both requests that same day and assigned tracking reference numbers through its public records system. [Exhibit 1; Exhibit 2]\n\nThe City processes approximately 11,000 public records requests each year-that is more than 211 requests per week on average. The City's robust records process involves routing requests through the Public Records Division of the City's Communications Office to  relevant  departments  and  custodians  to  identify,  search  for,  and  produce  responsive materials. As reflected in the City's standard communications to Plaintiff acknowledging his requests-communications with which Plaintiff is undoubtedly familiar, as he has filed\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\na total of twenty-six public records requests with the City since July of 2023-requests are processed in accordance with A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121 et seq. and may require coordination among multiple offices. [ See Exhibit 1; Exhibit 2]\n\nIn March 2025, the City onboarded a new employee to serve as a Public Records Coordinator. This new employee brings the headcount of the Public Records Division to four.  The purpose of onboarding this new employee was to bolster the Public Records Division to enable it to process requests more quickly.\n\nOn  the  Public  Records  Coordinator's  first  day,  she  received  an  emailed  list  of requesters and topics to flag to management. The purpose of this email was not to delay or deny requests, as Plaintiff postulates, but, rather, to allow monitoring where the requestor or subject matter requires particularized attention.\n\nThe City has since conducted a reasonably diligent search and produced the records responsive to both of Plaintiff's requests-431 pages of emails and eight pages of text messages. Although these records were not provided until after Plaintiff filed this special action, the City has fully complied with its obligations under A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121 et seq .\n\nIn  addition,  while  Plaintiff  questions  the  'neutrality  and  reasonableness  of  the Defendant's search and response process' [Plf.'s Mot. for Limited Discovery and Index, at  4],  he  fails  to  inform  this  Court  that  after  he  filed  this  matter,  the  City  worked cooperatively with his counsel to conduct an additional search for records. [April 2025 Email Exchange between City Attorney and Plf.'s Counsel, attached as Exhibit 3] In fact, the City's attorneys cooperated in good faith with Plaintiff's counsel to make reasonable efforts to locate the records Plaintiff sought by formulating agreed-upon search terms that went well beyond Plaintiff's initial public records requests. [ See Exhibit 3 at 4] The City's attorneys provided Plaintiff's counsel all records located during this second search.\n\n## ARGUMENT\n\nArizona law favors openness and transparency, requiring a public body to promptly furnish existing records in its custody. A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121. It does not require the creation of new  records,  the  preservation  of  records  beyond  approved  retention  schedules,  or  the\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nundertaking  of  limitless investigative efforts to satisfy speculation  that additional documents might exist. As demonstrated below, the undisputed record establishes that the City  satisfied  its  obligations  under  the  Arizona  Public  Records  Act  when  it  furnished Plaintiff with the responsive material.\n\n## I. Discovery-Which  Is  Rarely  Permitted  in  Special  Actions-Is  Not Justified Here Because It Is Not Necessary.\n\nThere  is  no  right  to discovery in  a special action. See RPSA  7(g).  Rather,  'the speedy determination of the issue is of prime consideration.' See Riggins , 20 Ariz. App. at 198. Accordingly, discovery is permitted only in exceedingly rare instances where it is absolutely necessary for the resolution of the disputed issues. 2025 Comment to RPSA 7(g).  Plaintiff fails to meet this high threshold. His motion is premised not on concrete evidence of inadequate search or unlawful withholding, but on speculation and inference. Such conjecture does not justify permitting discovery-let alone the expansive form of discovery, a 30(b)(6) deposition, that he requests.\n\n## A. Information Sought is not Relevant or of Sufficient Evidentiary Value to Warrant Discovery.\n\nAs the Arizona Court of Appeals recognized in Riggins , discovery is inappropriate where the requested information lacks sufficient evidentiary value to justify delaying the resolution of the special action. 20 Ariz. App. at 198. Here, Plaintiff argues that a material factual  dispute  exists  regarding  whether  the  City's  search  was  reasonably  calculated  to identify responsive records. However, Plaintiff's own counsel collaborated with the City in developing the scope of the second search. [Exhibit 3] That fact significantly undermines any claim that the search methodology was unreasonably deficient or biased.\n\nMoreover, Plaintiff's motion seeks to probe the City's internal collection and review processes rather than to obtain specific, identifiable records that allegedly exist but were not produced. Courts routinely reject such requests absent a concrete showing of a deficient process-evidence that does not exist in this matter.\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\n## B. Plaintiff's  Evidence  Does  Not  Demonstrate  Sufficient  Need  for Discovery.\n\n'Unless an appropriate showing is made on which the court in an original special action can ground its exercise of discretion to issue special orders concerning discovery, the parties are generally not entitled to discovery.' 2025 Comment to RPSA 7(g) (citing King v. Neely , 143 Ariz. 329, 331 (App. 1984) (affirming trial court's denial of discovery when there was no showing of illegality or actions in excess of power).\n\nPlaintiff's  proffered  evidence  does  not  meet  this  standard.  That  twenty  months elapsed  before  the  City  provided  Plaintiff  with  the  responsive  records,  and  that  the Plaintiff's  name  was  included  on  an  emailed  list  of  individuals  and  topics  for  which requests should be flagged as high profile, does not warrant the Court taking the rare step of ordering discovery. See Riggins , 20 Ariz. App. at 198 ('The trial court, after a hearing, ruled that some of the information had already been furnished to the Recipients and that the remainder of the information sought was not relevant or of sufficient evidentiary value to warrant an order compelling discovery.'). The inclusion of Plaintiff's name in an email to the Public Records Coordinator is not evidence of obstruction or obfuscation; it can just as  easily  be  construed  as  demonstrating  the  City's  commitment  to  take  special  care  in processing  and  responding  to  Plaintiff's  requests  and  the  requests  of  other  similarly frequent requestors.\n\nPlaintiff's reliance on a February 28, 2022, email referencing text messages likewise falls short of demonstrating that this is the rare case in which discovery is necessary. The email states, in pertinent part: 'I have been texting with Laura and I would love to set up a meeting to visit with her about project at Glenrosa and Central. Could you possibly help me  get  that  scheduled?'  [Plf's  Mot.  at  Exhibit  2]  Contrary  to  Plaintiff's  misguided insinuation, the email does not indicate that the sender texted Councilmember Pastor about the Glenrose/Central project .\n\nSignificantly, Arizona's public records law applies only to documents pertaining to official activities.  As the Arizona Supreme Court has stated: '[W]e reject [the] argument\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nthat  all  e-mails  generated  or  maintained  on  a  government-owned  computer  system  are automatically public records[;] [s]ome e-mails will relate solely to personal matters and will  not,  therefore,  reflect  the  requisite  substantial  nexus  with  government  activities.' Griffis v. Pinal Cnty. ,  215 Ariz. 1, 5 (2007).  Here, the February 28, 2022 email leaves unanswered the  question  of  whether  Councilmember  Pastor  sent  or  received  texts  that constitute public records, as opposed to messages that were personal in nature. Without more, Plaintiff's assertions are too attenuated to justify the need for discovery.\n\nFurthermore, Plaintiff has failed to establish that the purported text messages existed at the time of his request. The City's retention schedule provides for the disposal of such messages after ninety days.  [Excerpt from City's Records Retention Schedule, attached as Exhibit  4]    Plaintiff  submitted  his  request  on  September  30,  2023,  more  than  nineteen months after the February 28, 2022 email, meaning that any such messages may have been lawfully  destroyed.  The  absence  of  responsive  text  messages  is,  therefore,  entirely consistent with lawful records management practices and does not create a factual dispute warranting discovery.\n\nCritically,  Plaintiff  cannot  simply  will  nonexistent  documents  into  existence through  the  forcefulness  and  repetition  of  his  requests.  Nor  can  Plaintiff  bootstrap speculation  into  necessity  by  stacking  inference  upon  inference-first,  that  additional records must exist; second, that they were processed through a different workflow; and third,  that  that  workflow  was  somehow  unreasonable.  This  chain  of  conjecture  is insufficient to justify discovery in a special action.\n\n## C. Plaintiff's Request Is, In Substance, An Attempt to Conduct 'Discovery on Discovery.'\n\nMuch like the discovery process in the  civil  litigation  context,  Arizona's  public records law operates on an honor system grounded in legal and professional obligations to produce relevant, nonprivileged information, after reasonable inquiry, that is within the\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\n## party's possession, custody, and control.  This concept was discussed in LKQ Corp v. Kia\n\nMotors Am., Inc. , where the court explained:\n\nDiscovery production  is  akin  to  an honor system.  We  trust  that  attorneys uphold their professional obligations and responsibilities by following the Federal Rules  of Civil Procedure  to  produce  relevant, nonprivileged information, after a reasonable inquiry, that is within their client's possession, custody, and control. As a general rule, attorneys do not secondguess  each  other's  processes  for  producing  responsive  information.  They may  request  more  information  after  an  initial  disclosure  or  argue  about objections, but generally they do not need a deep dive into the collection, review, and processing methodology of their opponent. If second-guessing was the norm, the whole discovery system would break down into an endless barrage  of  motions  based  on  mistrust  about  the  opponent's  production. Counsel's status as an officer of the court, combined with the possibility of serious  sanctions  embedded  in  Rules  11  and  37  and  other  professional disciplinary measures, serve as a deterrent to lawyers from either intentionally  or  negligently  failing  to  produce  information.  Trust  in  an adversarial  process  appears  contradictory  at  first,  but  it  is  the  bedrock  of modern discovery practice and has worked well for decades.\n\n## 345 F.R.D. 152, 156 (N.D. Ill. 2023).\n\nHere, Plaintiff is seeking the functional equivalent of 'discovery upon discovery.' And, because the request is made in the context of a special action, it is doubly disfavored.\n\nPlaintiff's second-guessing here is clearly unwarranted given the City's efforts to work cooperatively with his counsel to conduct a second search for records with agreedupon terms and scope.  Absent specific and substantial evidence of a material failure, courts do  not  permit  parties  to  conduct  intrusive  examinations  into  collection  and  review methodologies. Id. at  162-63.  As LKQ Corp. Court  properly acknowledged, if secondguessing was the norm, the whole discovery system would break down into an endless barrage of motions based on mistrust about the opponent's production. Id. at 157.\n\nThis principle is particularly compelling in a special action where the procedural framework prioritizes speed and efficiency. Allowing 'discovery on discovery' here would undermine those objectives and invite precisely the type of protracted litigation that LKQ cautions against.  If  a  plaintiff  could  secure  discovery  merely  by  claiming  that  a  public\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nentity's response might be incomplete, then discovery would effectively become routine in nearly every public records case-an outcome that directly conflicts with the fundamental principle that special actions are meant to be resolved quickly and without discovery.\n\n## II. Plaintiff's  Asserted  Need  for  Information  Can  Be  Provided Through Less Intrusive Means.\n\nAssuming arguendo that Plaintiff is entitled to discovery (which he is not), he should be limited to using the least intrusive means necessary to obtain relevant information.    Instead,  he's  opted  for  a  30(b)(6)  deposition,  which  is  a  notoriously burdensome  discovery  tool.  Courts  have  explicitly  acknowledged  that  preparing  a corporate witness designee for deposition may be an onerous and burdensome task. Great American Ins. Co. of New York v. Vegas Const. Co, Inc. ,  251 F.R.D. 534, 540 (D. Nev. 2008). The burden arises because the organization must identify appropriate witnesses, ensure  they  review  all  matters  known  or  reasonably  available  to  the  organization,  and prepare them to provide complete and binding testimony on behalf of the entity. See Id.\n\nPlaintiff's  request  discovery  is  also  plagued  by  other  infirmities.  Despite  his purported  'evidence'  of  nonresponsiveness  being  limited  to  text  messages  sent  to Councilmember Pastor, Plaintiff is requesting to depose a representative of the City on fifteen sweeping categories that span across multiple Public Records requests.\n\nPlaintiff's request for 'limited' discovery is a misnomer, insofar as he seeks, among other things, limitless and City-wide testimony regarding:\n\n- Policies  and  practices  regarding  records  of  public  business  on  non-City-issued devices or accounts, including what steps Defendants take (if any) to capture or preserve  such  communications  when  they  relate  to  official  activity,  and  how Defendants determined whether such sources were implicated here.\n- Retention,  archiving,  and  deletion  practices  relevant  to  the  custodians/systems searched, including any applicable retention schedules or purge cycles for email, text messaging, and collaboration tools during the relevant time period.\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nNotably, these are just two of the fifteen requests, and they would apply universally to  the  City,  a  large,  complex  organization  with  more  than  14,000  employees  and  41 departments.\n\nFurthermore,  given  the  City's  decentralized  records-management  structureinvolving  multiple  departments,  custodians,  and  subject-matter  experts-compliance would likely require the preparation and appearance of numerous individuals.  Such an undertaking is fundamentally inconsistent with the streamlined and expedited nature of a special action while providing marginal, if any, evidentiary value.\n\nIf the Court deems discovery necessary, the City can affirmatively provide Plaintiff with information regarding efforts to retrieve and produce text messages sent or received by Councilmember Pastor by furnishing sworn declarations from relevant City employees and officials. Indeed, this was mentioned as the preferred method in Plaintiff's own legal authority:  '[T]he agency may rely on affidavits or declarations that provide reasonable detail of the scope of the search.' Phoenix New Times, L.L.C. v. Arpaio ,  217 Ariz. 533, 539, 177 P.3d 275, 281 (Ct. App. 2008)\n\nIf the Court determines that additional information is warranted, mechanisms that are  more  efficient  and  less  intrusive  than  a  30(b)(6)  deposition  exist  to  provide  that information. The use of such methods better aligns with the principle that discovery is rare and limited in special actions.\n\n## III. The City Is Not Required to Provide an Index, Nor Is One Necessary.\n\nPlaintiff's request for an index likewise lacks legal or evidentiary support. A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121.01(D)(2) provides, 'if requested, the custodian of the records of an agency shall also furnish an index of records or categories of records that have been withheld and the reasons the records or categories of records have been withheld from the requesting person. (emphasis added). The statute clarifies that for 'the purposes of this paragraph, 'agency' has the same meaning prescribed in \u00a7 41-1001 . . . .' A.R.S. \u00a7 41-1001(1) defines 'agency' as:\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nany board, commission, department, officer or other administrative unit of this state, including the agency head and one or more members of the agency head or agency employees or other persons directly or indirectly purporting to act on behalf or under the authority of the agency head, whether created under  the  Constitution  of  Arizona  or  by  enactment  of  the  legislature.  [  ] Agency does not include a political subdivision of this state . . . .\n\n(emphasis added).\n\nThus, as a matter of public policy,  the  Legislature  made a deliberate decision to spare municipalities  from  the  burden  of  creating  an  index.    This  Court  should  not  casually override this policy decision.\n\nWhile the statute permits courts to order an index from a public body other than an agency in appropriate circumstances, such relief is unnecessary here because Plaintiff has failed  to  present  any  evidence  that  responsive  records  were  discovered  but  improperly withheld.\n\n## CONCLUSION\n\nPlaintiff  has  not  demonstrated  that  this  is  the  rare  case  in  which  discovery  is necessary in a special action. His motion is grounded in speculation, rather than evidence, seeks  intrusive  examination  of  internal  processes,  and  would  undermine  the  expedited framework governing special actions.\n\nFor  these  reasons,  the  City  respectfully  requests  that  the  Court  deny  Plaintiff's Motion for Limited Discovery and Index.\n\nRESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED this 27th day of March, 2026.\n\n## PIERCE COLEMAN PLLC\n\nBy: /s/ Stephen B. Coleman Stephen B. Coleman Kate E. Cox 17851 N. 85 th Street, Suite 175 Scottsdale, Arizona 85255 Attorneys for Defendants\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nORIGINAL of the foregoing *e-filed with the court this 27th day of March, 2026, via AZ Turbo Court:\n\n*The Honorable Randall H. Warner\n\nJoshua W. Carden ROBINSON LAW OFFICES [email protected]\n\nBy:  /s/\n\nMary Walker",
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      "full_text": "- 1 Stephen B. Coleman (State Bar #021715) Kate E. Cox (State Bar #041001)\n- 2 PIERCE COLEMAN PLLC 17851 N. 85th Street, Suite 175\n- 3 Scottsdale, Arizona 85255 Tel. (602) 772-5506\n- 4 Fax (877) 772-1025\n\n5\n\n[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])\n\n[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])\n\n- 6 Attorneys for Defendants City of Phoenix and Laura Pastor\n\n7\n\n8\n\n## IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA IN AND FOR THE COUNTY OF MARICOPA\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nJeremy Thacker,\n\nPlaintiff,\n\nv.\n\nCity of Phoenix, and Laura Pastor, in her capacity as District 4 Councilwoman,\n\nDefendants.\n\nDiscovery is strongly disfavored in special actions. And for good reason. In such proceedings, 'the speedy determination of the issue is of prime consideration.' See Riggins v. Graham , 20 Ariz. App. 196, 198 (1973). Permitting discovery stands in firm tension with goal of expediency. Nevertheless, Plaintiff seeks leave to conduct burdensome discovery, through an expansive 30(b)(6) deposition, as part of a fishing expedition to test the validity of the Defendants' response. This tactic is antithetical to the special action framework and would open the floodgates for any requestor to seek 'rare' discovery by simply alleging that a public entity's response was incomplete.\n\nImportantly, this special action does not present a dispute over whether the Defendants, the City of Phoenix and District Four Councilwoman Laura Pastor (collectively, the 'City') have improperly withheld certain categories of documents. Instead, the issue presented is whether discovery is warranted where the City has conducted\n\nNo. CV2025-007652\n\n## DEFENDANTS ' RESPONSE TO PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR LIMITED DISCOVERY AND INDEX\n\n(Assigned to the Honorable Randall H. Warner)\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\na reasonable search and represented, consistent with its legal and ethical duties, that it has made reasonable efforts to produce all responsive records within its possession, custody, and control.\n\nPlaintiff's motion rests on unsupported speculation that additional records exist and seeks intrusive discovery that is neither necessary nor consistent with the streamlined nature of special action proceedings. The City respectfully requests that the Court deny Plaintiff's requested relief.\n\n## FACTUAL BACKGROUND\n\nThis special action arises from two public records requests submitted by Plaintiff Jeremy Thacker to the City of Phoenix (the 'City') pursuant to Arizona's Public Records Law, A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121 et seq.\n\nOn September 30, 2023, Plaintiff submitted two requests through the City's centralized public records portal. The first request sought communications-including emails, text messages, mobile phone logs, social messaging, and other forms of communication-between members of City Council District Four and certain identified individuals and organizations. The second request sought similar categories of communications between members of City Council District Four and two additional named individuals-employees in the City's Planning Department. [City's Confirmation of Receipt of Plf.'s Public Records Request R004767-093023, attached as Exhibit 1; City's Confirmation of Receipt of Plf.'s Public Records Request R004768-093023, attached as Exhibit 2] The City acknowledged receipt of both requests that same day and assigned tracking reference numbers through its public records system. [Exhibit 1; Exhibit 2]\n\nThe City processes approximately 11,000 public records requests each year-that is more than 211 requests per week on average. The City's robust records process involves routing requests through the Public Records Division of the City's Communications Office to relevant departments and custodians to identify, search for, and produce responsive materials. As reflected in the City's standard communications to Plaintiff acknowledging his requests-communications with which Plaintiff is undoubtedly familiar, as he has filed\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\na total of twenty-six public records requests with the City since July of 2023-requests are processed in accordance with A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121 et seq. and may require coordination among multiple offices. [ See Exhibit 1; Exhibit 2]\n\nIn March 2025, the City onboarded a new employee to serve as a Public Records Coordinator. This new employee brings the headcount of the Public Records Division to four. The purpose of onboarding this new employee was to bolster the Public Records Division to enable it to process requests more quickly.\n\nOn the Public Records Coordinator's first day, she received an emailed list of requesters and topics to flag to management. The purpose of this email was not to delay or deny requests, as Plaintiff postulates, but, rather, to allow monitoring where the requestor or subject matter requires particularized attention.\n\nThe City has since conducted a reasonably diligent search and produced the records responsive to both of Plaintiff's requests-431 pages of emails and eight pages of text messages. Although these records were not provided until after Plaintiff filed this special action, the City has fully complied with its obligations under A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121 et seq .\n\nIn addition, while Plaintiff questions the 'neutrality and reasonableness of the Defendant's search and response process' [Plf.'s Mot. for Limited Discovery and Index, at 4], he fails to inform this Court that after he filed this matter, the City worked cooperatively with his counsel to conduct an additional search for records. [April 2025 Email Exchange between City Attorney and Plf.'s Counsel, attached as Exhibit 3] In fact, the City's attorneys cooperated in good faith with Plaintiff's counsel to make reasonable efforts to locate the records Plaintiff sought by formulating agreed-upon search terms that went well beyond Plaintiff's initial public records requests. [ See Exhibit 3 at 4] The City's attorneys provided Plaintiff's counsel all records located during this second search.\n\n## ARGUMENT\n\nArizona law favors openness and transparency, requiring a public body to promptly furnish existing records in its custody. A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121. It does not require the creation of new records, the preservation of records beyond approved retention schedules, or the\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nundertaking of limitless investigative efforts to satisfy speculation that additional documents might exist. As demonstrated below, the undisputed record establishes that the City satisfied its obligations under the Arizona Public Records Act when it furnished Plaintiff with the responsive material.\n\n## I. Discovery-Which Is Rarely Permitted in Special Actions-Is Not Justified Here Because It Is Not Necessary.\n\nThere is no right to discovery in a special action. See RPSA 7(g). Rather, 'the speedy determination of the issue is of prime consideration.' See Riggins , 20 Ariz. App. at 198. Accordingly, discovery is permitted only in exceedingly rare instances where it is absolutely necessary for the resolution of the disputed issues. 2025 Comment to RPSA 7(g). Plaintiff fails to meet this high threshold. His motion is premised not on concrete evidence of inadequate search or unlawful withholding, but on speculation and inference. Such conjecture does not justify permitting discovery-let alone the expansive form of discovery, a 30(b)(6) deposition, that he requests.\n\n## A. Information Sought is not Relevant or of Sufficient Evidentiary Value to Warrant Discovery.\n\nAs the Arizona Court of Appeals recognized in Riggins , discovery is inappropriate where the requested information lacks sufficient evidentiary value to justify delaying the resolution of the special action. 20 Ariz. App. at 198. Here, Plaintiff argues that a material factual dispute exists regarding whether the City's search was reasonably calculated to identify responsive records. However, Plaintiff's own counsel collaborated with the City in developing the scope of the second search. [Exhibit 3] That fact significantly undermines any claim that the search methodology was unreasonably deficient or biased.\n\nMoreover, Plaintiff's motion seeks to probe the City's internal collection and review processes rather than to obtain specific, identifiable records that allegedly exist but were not produced. Courts routinely reject such requests absent a concrete showing of a deficient process-evidence that does not exist in this matter.\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\n## B. Plaintiff's Evidence Does Not Demonstrate Sufficient Need for Discovery.\n\n'Unless an appropriate showing is made on which the court in an original special action can ground its exercise of discretion to issue special orders concerning discovery, the parties are generally not entitled to discovery.' 2025 Comment to RPSA 7(g) (citing King v. Neely , 143 Ariz. 329, 331 (App. 1984) (affirming trial court's denial of discovery when there was no showing of illegality or actions in excess of power).\n\nPlaintiff's proffered evidence does not meet this standard. That twenty months elapsed before the City provided Plaintiff with the responsive records, and that the Plaintiff's name was included on an emailed list of individuals and topics for which requests should be flagged as high profile, does not warrant the Court taking the rare step of ordering discovery. See Riggins , 20 Ariz. App. at 198 ('The trial court, after a hearing, ruled that some of the information had already been furnished to the Recipients and that the remainder of the information sought was not relevant or of sufficient evidentiary value to warrant an order compelling discovery.'). The inclusion of Plaintiff's name in an email to the Public Records Coordinator is not evidence of obstruction or obfuscation; it can just as easily be construed as demonstrating the City's commitment to take special care in processing and responding to Plaintiff's requests and the requests of other similarly frequent requestors.\n\nPlaintiff's reliance on a February 28, 2022, email referencing text messages likewise falls short of demonstrating that this is the rare case in which discovery is necessary. The email states, in pertinent part: 'I have been texting with Laura and I would love to set up a meeting to visit with her about project at Glenrosa and Central. Could you possibly help me get that scheduled?' [Plf's Mot. at Exhibit 2] Contrary to Plaintiff's misguided insinuation, the email does not indicate that the sender texted Councilmember Pastor about the Glenrose/Central project .\n\nSignificantly, Arizona's public records law applies only to documents pertaining to official activities. As the Arizona Supreme Court has stated: '[W]e reject [the] argument\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nthat all e-mails generated or maintained on a government-owned computer system are automatically public records[;] [s]ome e-mails will relate solely to personal matters and will not, therefore, reflect the requisite substantial nexus with government activities.' Griffis v. Pinal Cnty. , 215 Ariz. 1, 5 (2007). Here, the February 28, 2022 email leaves unanswered the question of whether Councilmember Pastor sent or received texts that constitute public records, as opposed to messages that were personal in nature. Without more, Plaintiff's assertions are too attenuated to justify the need for discovery.\n\nFurthermore, Plaintiff has failed to establish that the purported text messages existed at the time of his request. The City's retention schedule provides for the disposal of such messages after ninety days. [Excerpt from City's Records Retention Schedule, attached as Exhibit 4] Plaintiff submitted his request on September 30, 2023, more than nineteen months after the February 28, 2022 email, meaning that any such messages may have been lawfully destroyed. The absence of responsive text messages is, therefore, entirely consistent with lawful records management practices and does not create a factual dispute warranting discovery.\n\nCritically, Plaintiff cannot simply will nonexistent documents into existence through the forcefulness and repetition of his requests. Nor can Plaintiff bootstrap speculation into necessity by stacking inference upon inference-first, that additional records must exist; second, that they were processed through a different workflow; and third, that that workflow was somehow unreasonable. This chain of conjecture is insufficient to justify discovery in a special action.\n\n## C. Plaintiff's Request Is, In Substance, An Attempt to Conduct 'Discovery on Discovery.'\n\nMuch like the discovery process in the civil litigation context, Arizona's public records law operates on an honor system grounded in legal and professional obligations to produce relevant, nonprivileged information, after reasonable inquiry, that is within the\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\n## party's possession, custody, and control. This concept was discussed in LKQ Corp v. Kia\n\nMotors Am., Inc. , where the court explained:\n\nDiscovery production is akin to an honor system. We trust that attorneys uphold their professional obligations and responsibilities by following the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to produce relevant, nonprivileged information, after a reasonable inquiry, that is within their client's possession, custody, and control. As a general rule, attorneys do not secondguess each other's processes for producing responsive information. They may request more information after an initial disclosure or argue about objections, but generally they do not need a deep dive into the collection, review, and processing methodology of their opponent. If second-guessing was the norm, the whole discovery system would break down into an endless barrage of motions based on mistrust about the opponent's production. Counsel's status as an officer of the court, combined with the possibility of serious sanctions embedded in Rules 11 and 37 and other professional disciplinary measures, serve as a deterrent to lawyers from either intentionally or negligently failing to produce information. Trust in an adversarial process appears contradictory at first, but it is the bedrock of modern discovery practice and has worked well for decades.\n\n## 345 F.R.D. 152, 156 (N.D. Ill. 2023).\n\nHere, Plaintiff is seeking the functional equivalent of 'discovery upon discovery.' And, because the request is made in the context of a special action, it is doubly disfavored.\n\nPlaintiff's second-guessing here is clearly unwarranted given the City's efforts to work cooperatively with his counsel to conduct a second search for records with agreedupon terms and scope. Absent specific and substantial evidence of a material failure, courts do not permit parties to conduct intrusive examinations into collection and review methodologies. Id. at 162-63. As LKQ Corp. Court properly acknowledged, if secondguessing was the norm, the whole discovery system would break down into an endless barrage of motions based on mistrust about the opponent's production. Id. at 157.\n\nThis principle is particularly compelling in a special action where the procedural framework prioritizes speed and efficiency. Allowing 'discovery on discovery' here would undermine those objectives and invite precisely the type of protracted litigation that LKQ cautions against. If a plaintiff could secure discovery merely by claiming that a public\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nentity's response might be incomplete, then discovery would effectively become routine in nearly every public records case-an outcome that directly conflicts with the fundamental principle that special actions are meant to be resolved quickly and without discovery.\n\n## II. Plaintiff's Asserted Need for Information Can Be Provided Through Less Intrusive Means.\n\nAssuming arguendo that Plaintiff is entitled to discovery (which he is not), he should be limited to using the least intrusive means necessary to obtain relevant information. Instead, he's opted for a 30(b)(6) deposition, which is a notoriously burdensome discovery tool. Courts have explicitly acknowledged that preparing a corporate witness designee for deposition may be an onerous and burdensome task. Great American Ins. Co. of New York v. Vegas Const. Co, Inc. , 251 F.R.D. 534, 540 (D. Nev. 2008). The burden arises because the organization must identify appropriate witnesses, ensure they review all matters known or reasonably available to the organization, and prepare them to provide complete and binding testimony on behalf of the entity. See Id.\n\nPlaintiff's request discovery is also plagued by other infirmities. Despite his purported 'evidence' of nonresponsiveness being limited to text messages sent to Councilmember Pastor, Plaintiff is requesting to depose a representative of the City on fifteen sweeping categories that span across multiple Public Records requests.\n\nPlaintiff's request for 'limited' discovery is a misnomer, insofar as he seeks, among other things, limitless and City-wide testimony regarding:\n\n- Policies and practices regarding records of public business on non-City-issued devices or accounts, including what steps Defendants take (if any) to capture or preserve such communications when they relate to official activity, and how Defendants determined whether such sources were implicated here.\n- Retention, archiving, and deletion practices relevant to the custodians/systems searched, including any applicable retention schedules or purge cycles for email, text messaging, and collaboration tools during the relevant time period.\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nNotably, these are just two of the fifteen requests, and they would apply universally to the City, a large, complex organization with more than 14,000 employees and 41 departments.\n\nFurthermore, given the City's decentralized records-management structureinvolving multiple departments, custodians, and subject-matter experts-compliance would likely require the preparation and appearance of numerous individuals. Such an undertaking is fundamentally inconsistent with the streamlined and expedited nature of a special action while providing marginal, if any, evidentiary value.\n\nIf the Court deems discovery necessary, the City can affirmatively provide Plaintiff with information regarding efforts to retrieve and produce text messages sent or received by Councilmember Pastor by furnishing sworn declarations from relevant City employees and officials. Indeed, this was mentioned as the preferred method in Plaintiff's own legal authority: '[T]he agency may rely on affidavits or declarations that provide reasonable detail of the scope of the search.' Phoenix New Times, L.L.C. v. Arpaio , 217 Ariz. 533, 539, 177 P.3d 275, 281 (Ct. App. 2008)\n\nIf the Court determines that additional information is warranted, mechanisms that are more efficient and less intrusive than a 30(b)(6) deposition exist to provide that information. The use of such methods better aligns with the principle that discovery is rare and limited in special actions.\n\n## III. The City Is Not Required to Provide an Index, Nor Is One Necessary.\n\nPlaintiff's request for an index likewise lacks legal or evidentiary support. A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121.01(D)(2) provides, 'if requested, the custodian of the records of an agency shall also furnish an index of records or categories of records that have been withheld and the reasons the records or categories of records have been withheld from the requesting person. (emphasis added). The statute clarifies that for 'the purposes of this paragraph, 'agency' has the same meaning prescribed in \u00a7 41-1001 . . . .' A.R.S. \u00a7 41-1001(1) defines 'agency' as:\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nany board, commission, department, officer or other administrative unit of this state, including the agency head and one or more members of the agency head or agency employees or other persons directly or indirectly purporting to act on behalf or under the authority of the agency head, whether created under the Constitution of Arizona or by enactment of the legislature. [ ] Agency does not include a political subdivision of this state . . . .\n\n(emphasis added).\n\nThus, as a matter of public policy, the Legislature made a deliberate decision to spare municipalities from the burden of creating an index. This Court should not casually override this policy decision.\n\nWhile the statute permits courts to order an index from a public body other than an agency in appropriate circumstances, such relief is unnecessary here because Plaintiff has failed to present any evidence that responsive records were discovered but improperly withheld.\n\n## CONCLUSION\n\nPlaintiff has not demonstrated that this is the rare case in which discovery is necessary in a special action. His motion is grounded in speculation, rather than evidence, seeks intrusive examination of internal processes, and would undermine the expedited framework governing special actions.\n\nFor these reasons, the City respectfully requests that the Court deny Plaintiff's Motion for Limited Discovery and Index.\n\nRESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED this 27th day of March, 2026.\n\n## PIERCE COLEMAN PLLC\n\nBy: /s/ Stephen B. Coleman Stephen B. Coleman Kate E. Cox 17851 N. 85 th Street, Suite 175 Scottsdale, Arizona 85255 Attorneys for Defendants\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nORIGINAL of the foregoing *e-filed with the court this 27th day of March, 2026, via AZ Turbo Court:\n\n*The Honorable Randall H. Warner\n\nJoshua W. Carden ROBINSON LAW OFFICES [email protected]\n\nBy: /s/\n\nMary Walker",
      "chunks": [
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          "text": "- 1 Stephen B. Coleman (State Bar #021715) Kate E. Cox (State Bar #041001)\n- 2 PIERCE COLEMAN PLLC 17851 N. 85th Street, Suite 175\n- 3 Scottsdale, Arizona 85255 Tel. (602) 772-5506\n- 4 Fax (877) 772-1025\n\n5\n\n[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])\n\n[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])\n\n- 6 Attorneys for Defendants City of Phoenix and Laura Pastor\n\n7\n\n8\n\n## IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA IN AND FOR THE COUNTY OF MARICOPA\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nJeremy Thacker,\n\nPlaintiff,\n\nv. City of Phoenix, and Laura Pastor, in her capacity as District 4 Councilwoman,\n\nDefendants. Discovery is strongly disfavored in special actions. And for good reason. In such proceedings, 'the speedy determination of the issue is of prime consideration.' See Riggins v. Graham , 20 Ariz. App. 196, 198 (1973). Permitting discovery stands in firm tension with goal of expediency. Nevertheless, Plaintiff seeks leave to conduct burdensome discovery, through an expansive 30(b)(6) deposition, as part of a fishing expedition to test the validity of the Defendants' response. This tactic is antithetical to the special action framework and would open the floodgates for any requestor to seek 'rare' discovery by simply alleging that a public entity's response was incomplete. Importantly, this special action does not present a dispute over whether the Defendants, the City of Phoenix and District Four Councilwoman Laura Pastor (collectively, the 'City') have improperly withheld certain categories of documents. Instead, the issue presented is whether discovery is warranted where the City has conducted\n\nNo. CV2025-007652\n\n## DEFENDANTS ' RESPONSE TO PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR LIMITED DISCOVERY AND INDEX\n\n(Assigned to the Honorable Randall H. Warner)\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\na reasonable search and represented, consistent with its legal and ethical duties, that it has made reasonable efforts to produce all responsive records within its possession, custody, and control. Plaintiff's motion rests on unsupported speculation that additional records exist and seeks intrusive discovery that is neither necessary nor consistent with the streamlined nature of special action proceedings. The City respectfully requests that the Court deny Plaintiff's requested relief.\n\n## FACTUAL BACKGROUND\n\nThis special action arises from two public records requests submitted by Plaintiff Jeremy Thacker to the City of Phoenix (the 'City') pursuant to Arizona's Public Records Law, A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121 et seq. On September 30, 2023, Plaintiff submitted two requests through the City's centralized public records portal.",
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            "- 1 Stephen B.",
            "Coleman (State Bar #021715) Kate E.",
            "Cox (State Bar #041001)\n- 2 PIERCE COLEMAN PLLC 17851 N. 85th Street, Suite 175\n- 3 Scottsdale, Arizona 85255 Tel. (602) 772-5506\n- 4 Fax (877) 772-1025\n\n5\n\n[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])\n\n[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])\n\n- 6 Attorneys for Defendants City of Phoenix and Laura Pastor\n\n7\n\n8\n\n## IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA IN AND FOR THE COUNTY OF MARICOPA\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nJeremy Thacker,\n\nPlaintiff,\n\nv.",
            "City of Phoenix, and Laura Pastor, in her capacity as District 4 Councilwoman,\n\nDefendants.",
            "Discovery is strongly disfavored in special actions.",
            "And for good reason.",
            "In such proceedings, 'the speedy determination of the issue is of prime consideration.' See Riggins v.",
            "Graham , 20 Ariz.",
            "App. 196, 198 (1973).",
            "Permitting discovery stands in firm tension with goal of expediency.",
            "Nevertheless, Plaintiff seeks leave to conduct burdensome discovery, through an expansive 30(b)(6) deposition, as part of a fishing expedition to test the validity of the Defendants' response.",
            "This tactic is antithetical to the special action framework and would open the floodgates for any requestor to seek 'rare' discovery by simply alleging that a public entity's response was incomplete.",
            "Importantly, this special action does not present a dispute over whether the Defendants, the City of Phoenix and District Four Councilwoman Laura Pastor (collectively, the 'City') have improperly withheld certain categories of documents.",
            "Instead, the issue presented is whether discovery is warranted where the City has conducted\n\nNo.",
            "CV2025-007652\n\n## DEFENDANTS ' RESPONSE TO PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR LIMITED DISCOVERY AND INDEX\n\n(Assigned to the Honorable Randall H.",
            "Warner)\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\na reasonable search and represented, consistent with its legal and ethical duties, that it has made reasonable efforts to produce all responsive records within its possession, custody, and control.",
            "Plaintiff's motion rests on unsupported speculation that additional records exist and seeks intrusive discovery that is neither necessary nor consistent with the streamlined nature of special action proceedings.",
            "The City respectfully requests that the Court deny Plaintiff's requested relief.\n\n## FACTUAL BACKGROUND\n\nThis special action arises from two public records requests submitted by Plaintiff Jeremy Thacker to the City of Phoenix (the 'City') pursuant to Arizona's Public Records Law, A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121 et seq.",
            "On September 30, 2023, Plaintiff submitted two requests through the City's centralized public records portal."
          ]
        },
        {
          "text": "On September 30, 2023, Plaintiff submitted two requests through the City's centralized public records portal. The first request sought communications-including emails, text messages, mobile phone logs, social messaging, and other forms of communication-between members of City Council District Four and certain identified individuals and organizations. The second request sought similar categories of communications between members of City Council District Four and two additional named individuals-employees in the City's Planning Department. [City's Confirmation of Receipt of Plf.'s Public Records Request R004767-093023, attached as Exhibit 1; City's Confirmation of Receipt of Plf.'s Public Records Request R004768-093023, attached as Exhibit 2] The City acknowledged receipt of both requests that same day and assigned tracking reference numbers through its public records system. [Exhibit 1; Exhibit 2]\n\nThe City processes approximately 11,000 public records requests each year-that is more than 211 requests per week on average. The City's robust records process involves routing requests through the Public Records Division of the City's Communications Office to relevant departments and custodians to identify, search for, and produce responsive materials. As reflected in the City's standard communications to Plaintiff acknowledging his requests-communications with which Plaintiff is undoubtedly familiar, as he has filed\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\na total of twenty-six public records requests with the City since July of 2023-requests are processed in accordance with A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121 et seq. and may require coordination among multiple offices. [ See Exhibit 1; Exhibit 2]\n\nIn March 2025, the City onboarded a new employee to serve as a Public Records Coordinator. This new employee brings the headcount of the Public Records Division to four. The purpose of onboarding this new employee was to bolster the Public Records Division to enable it to process requests more quickly. On the Public Records Coordinator's first day, she received an emailed list of requesters and topics to flag to management. The purpose of this email was not to delay or deny requests, as Plaintiff postulates, but, rather, to allow monitoring where the requestor or subject matter requires particularized attention. The City has since conducted a reasonably diligent search and produced the records responsive to both of Plaintiff's requests-431 pages of emails and eight pages of text messages. Although these records were not provided until after Plaintiff filed this special action, the City has fully complied with its obligations under A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121 et seq .",
          "start_offset": 2653,
          "end_offset": 5388,
          "chunk_index": 1,
          "sentences": [
            "On September 30, 2023, Plaintiff submitted two requests through the City's centralized public records portal.",
            "The first request sought communications-including emails, text messages, mobile phone logs, social messaging, and other forms of communication-between members of City Council District Four and certain identified individuals and organizations.",
            "The second request sought similar categories of communications between members of City Council District Four and two additional named individuals-employees in the City's Planning Department. [City's Confirmation of Receipt of Plf.'s Public Records Request R004767-093023, attached as Exhibit 1; City's Confirmation of Receipt of Plf.'s Public Records Request R004768-093023, attached as Exhibit 2] The City acknowledged receipt of both requests that same day and assigned tracking reference numbers through its public records system. [Exhibit 1; Exhibit 2]\n\nThe City processes approximately 11,000 public records requests each year-that is more than 211 requests per week on average.",
            "The City's robust records process involves routing requests through the Public Records Division of the City's Communications Office to relevant departments and custodians to identify, search for, and produce responsive materials.",
            "As reflected in the City's standard communications to Plaintiff acknowledging his requests-communications with which Plaintiff is undoubtedly familiar, as he has filed\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\na total of twenty-six public records requests with the City since July of 2023-requests are processed in accordance with A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121 et seq. and may require coordination among multiple offices. [ See Exhibit 1; Exhibit 2]\n\nIn March 2025, the City onboarded a new employee to serve as a Public Records Coordinator.",
            "This new employee brings the headcount of the Public Records Division to four.",
            "The purpose of onboarding this new employee was to bolster the Public Records Division to enable it to process requests more quickly.",
            "On the Public Records Coordinator's first day, she received an emailed list of requesters and topics to flag to management.",
            "The purpose of this email was not to delay or deny requests, as Plaintiff postulates, but, rather, to allow monitoring where the requestor or subject matter requires particularized attention.",
            "The City has since conducted a reasonably diligent search and produced the records responsive to both of Plaintiff's requests-431 pages of emails and eight pages of text messages.",
            "Although these records were not provided until after Plaintiff filed this special action, the City has fully complied with its obligations under A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121 et seq ."
          ]
        },
        {
          "text": "Although these records were not provided until after Plaintiff filed this special action, the City has fully complied with its obligations under A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121 et seq . In addition, while Plaintiff questions the 'neutrality and reasonableness of the Defendant's search and response process' [Plf.'s Mot. for Limited Discovery and Index, at 4], he fails to inform this Court that after he filed this matter, the City worked cooperatively with his counsel to conduct an additional search for records. [April 2025 Email Exchange between City Attorney and Plf.'s Counsel, attached as Exhibit 3] In fact, the City's attorneys cooperated in good faith with Plaintiff's counsel to make reasonable efforts to locate the records Plaintiff sought by formulating agreed-upon search terms that went well beyond Plaintiff's initial public records requests. [ See Exhibit 3 at 4] The City's attorneys provided Plaintiff's counsel all records located during this second search.\n\n## ARGUMENT\n\nArizona law favors openness and transparency, requiring a public body to promptly furnish existing records in its custody. A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121. It does not require the creation of new records, the preservation of records beyond approved retention schedules, or the\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nundertaking of limitless investigative efforts to satisfy speculation that additional documents might exist. As demonstrated below, the undisputed record establishes that the City satisfied its obligations under the Arizona Public Records Act when it furnished Plaintiff with the responsive material.\n\n## I. Discovery-Which Is Rarely Permitted in Special Actions-Is Not Justified Here Because It Is Not Necessary. There is no right to discovery in a special action. See RPSA 7(g). Rather, 'the speedy determination of the issue is of prime consideration.' See Riggins , 20 Ariz. App. at 198. Accordingly, discovery is permitted only in exceedingly rare instances where it is absolutely necessary for the resolution of the disputed issues. 2025 Comment to RPSA 7(g). Plaintiff fails to meet this high threshold. His motion is premised not on concrete evidence of inadequate search or unlawful withholding, but on speculation and inference. Such conjecture does not justify permitting discovery-let alone the expansive form of discovery, a 30(b)(6) deposition, that he requests.\n\n## A. Information Sought is not Relevant or of Sufficient Evidentiary Value to Warrant Discovery. As the Arizona Court of Appeals recognized in Riggins , discovery is inappropriate where the requested information lacks sufficient evidentiary value to justify delaying the resolution of the special action. 20 Ariz. App. at 198. Here, Plaintiff argues that a material factual dispute exists regarding whether the City's search was reasonably calculated to identify responsive records.",
          "start_offset": 5218,
          "end_offset": 8122,
          "chunk_index": 2,
          "sentences": [
            "Although these records were not provided until after Plaintiff filed this special action, the City has fully complied with its obligations under A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121 et seq .",
            "In addition, while Plaintiff questions the 'neutrality and reasonableness of the Defendant's search and response process' [Plf.'s Mot. for Limited Discovery and Index, at 4], he fails to inform this Court that after he filed this matter, the City worked cooperatively with his counsel to conduct an additional search for records. [April 2025 Email Exchange between City Attorney and Plf.'s Counsel, attached as Exhibit 3] In fact, the City's attorneys cooperated in good faith with Plaintiff's counsel to make reasonable efforts to locate the records Plaintiff sought by formulating agreed-upon search terms that went well beyond Plaintiff's initial public records requests. [ See Exhibit 3 at 4] The City's attorneys provided Plaintiff's counsel all records located during this second search.\n\n## ARGUMENT\n\nArizona law favors openness and transparency, requiring a public body to promptly furnish existing records in its custody.",
            "A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121.",
            "It does not require the creation of new records, the preservation of records beyond approved retention schedules, or the\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nundertaking of limitless investigative efforts to satisfy speculation that additional documents might exist.",
            "As demonstrated below, the undisputed record establishes that the City satisfied its obligations under the Arizona Public Records Act when it furnished Plaintiff with the responsive material.\n\n## I.",
            "Discovery-Which Is Rarely Permitted in Special Actions-Is Not Justified Here Because It Is Not Necessary.",
            "There is no right to discovery in a special action.",
            "See RPSA 7(g).",
            "Rather, 'the speedy determination of the issue is of prime consideration.' See Riggins , 20 Ariz.",
            "App. at 198.",
            "Accordingly, discovery is permitted only in exceedingly rare instances where it is absolutely necessary for the resolution of the disputed issues. 2025 Comment to RPSA 7(g).",
            "Plaintiff fails to meet this high threshold.",
            "His motion is premised not on concrete evidence of inadequate search or unlawful withholding, but on speculation and inference.",
            "Such conjecture does not justify permitting discovery-let alone the expansive form of discovery, a 30(b)(6) deposition, that he requests.\n\n## A.",
            "Information Sought is not Relevant or of Sufficient Evidentiary Value to Warrant Discovery.",
            "As the Arizona Court of Appeals recognized in Riggins , discovery is inappropriate where the requested information lacks sufficient evidentiary value to justify delaying the resolution of the special action. 20 Ariz.",
            "App. at 198.",
            "Here, Plaintiff argues that a material factual dispute exists regarding whether the City's search was reasonably calculated to identify responsive records."
          ]
        },
        {
          "text": "App. at 198. Here, Plaintiff argues that a material factual dispute exists regarding whether the City's search was reasonably calculated to identify responsive records. However, Plaintiff's own counsel collaborated with the City in developing the scope of the second search. [Exhibit 3] That fact significantly undermines any claim that the search methodology was unreasonably deficient or biased. Moreover, Plaintiff's motion seeks to probe the City's internal collection and review processes rather than to obtain specific, identifiable records that allegedly exist but were not produced. Courts routinely reject such requests absent a concrete showing of a deficient process-evidence that does not exist in this matter.\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\n## B. Plaintiff's Evidence Does Not Demonstrate Sufficient Need for Discovery.\n\n'Unless an appropriate showing is made on which the court in an original special action can ground its exercise of discretion to issue special orders concerning discovery, the parties are generally not entitled to discovery.' 2025 Comment to RPSA 7(g) (citing King v. Neely , 143 Ariz. 329, 331 (App. 1984) (affirming trial court's denial of discovery when there was no showing of illegality or actions in excess of power). Plaintiff's proffered evidence does not meet this standard. That twenty months elapsed before the City provided Plaintiff with the responsive records, and that the Plaintiff's name was included on an emailed list of individuals and topics for which requests should be flagged as high profile, does not warrant the Court taking the rare step of ordering discovery. See Riggins , 20 Ariz. App. at 198 ('The trial court, after a hearing, ruled that some of the information had already been furnished to the Recipients and that the remainder of the information sought was not relevant or of sufficient evidentiary value to warrant an order compelling discovery.'). The inclusion of Plaintiff's name in an email to the Public Records Coordinator is not evidence of obstruction or obfuscation; it can just as easily be construed as demonstrating the City's commitment to take special care in processing and responding to Plaintiff's requests and the requests of other similarly frequent requestors. Plaintiff's reliance on a February 28, 2022, email referencing text messages likewise falls short of demonstrating that this is the rare case in which discovery is necessary. The email states, in pertinent part: 'I have been texting with Laura and I would love to set up a meeting to visit with her about project at Glenrosa and Central. Could you possibly help me get that scheduled?' [Plf's Mot. at Exhibit 2] Contrary to Plaintiff's misguided insinuation, the email does not indicate that the sender texted Councilmember Pastor about the Glenrose/Central project . Significantly, Arizona's public records law applies only to documents pertaining to official activities.",
          "start_offset": 7953,
          "end_offset": 10949,
          "chunk_index": 3,
          "sentences": [
            "App. at 198.",
            "Here, Plaintiff argues that a material factual dispute exists regarding whether the City's search was reasonably calculated to identify responsive records.",
            "However, Plaintiff's own counsel collaborated with the City in developing the scope of the second search. [Exhibit 3] That fact significantly undermines any claim that the search methodology was unreasonably deficient or biased.",
            "Moreover, Plaintiff's motion seeks to probe the City's internal collection and review processes rather than to obtain specific, identifiable records that allegedly exist but were not produced.",
            "Courts routinely reject such requests absent a concrete showing of a deficient process-evidence that does not exist in this matter.\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\n## B.",
            "Plaintiff's Evidence Does Not Demonstrate Sufficient Need for Discovery.\n\n'Unless an appropriate showing is made on which the court in an original special action can ground its exercise of discretion to issue special orders concerning discovery, the parties are generally not entitled to discovery.' 2025 Comment to RPSA 7(g) (citing King v.",
            "Neely , 143 Ariz. 329, 331 (App. 1984) (affirming trial court's denial of discovery when there was no showing of illegality or actions in excess of power).",
            "Plaintiff's proffered evidence does not meet this standard.",
            "That twenty months elapsed before the City provided Plaintiff with the responsive records, and that the Plaintiff's name was included on an emailed list of individuals and topics for which requests should be flagged as high profile, does not warrant the Court taking the rare step of ordering discovery.",
            "See Riggins , 20 Ariz.",
            "App. at 198 ('The trial court, after a hearing, ruled that some of the information had already been furnished to the Recipients and that the remainder of the information sought was not relevant or of sufficient evidentiary value to warrant an order compelling discovery.').",
            "The inclusion of Plaintiff's name in an email to the Public Records Coordinator is not evidence of obstruction or obfuscation; it can just as easily be construed as demonstrating the City's commitment to take special care in processing and responding to Plaintiff's requests and the requests of other similarly frequent requestors.",
            "Plaintiff's reliance on a February 28, 2022, email referencing text messages likewise falls short of demonstrating that this is the rare case in which discovery is necessary.",
            "The email states, in pertinent part: 'I have been texting with Laura and I would love to set up a meeting to visit with her about project at Glenrosa and Central.",
            "Could you possibly help me get that scheduled?' [Plf's Mot. at Exhibit 2] Contrary to Plaintiff's misguided insinuation, the email does not indicate that the sender texted Councilmember Pastor about the Glenrose/Central project .",
            "Significantly, Arizona's public records law applies only to documents pertaining to official activities."
          ]
        },
        {
          "text": "Significantly, Arizona's public records law applies only to documents pertaining to official activities. As the Arizona Supreme Court has stated: '[W]e reject [the] argument\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nthat all e-mails generated or maintained on a government-owned computer system are automatically public records[;] [s]ome e-mails will relate solely to personal matters and will not, therefore, reflect the requisite substantial nexus with government activities.' Griffis v. Pinal Cnty. , 215 Ariz. 1, 5 (2007). Here, the February 28, 2022 email leaves unanswered the question of whether Councilmember Pastor sent or received texts that constitute public records, as opposed to messages that were personal in nature. Without more, Plaintiff's assertions are too attenuated to justify the need for discovery. Furthermore, Plaintiff has failed to establish that the purported text messages existed at the time of his request. The City's retention schedule provides for the disposal of such messages after ninety days. [Excerpt from City's Records Retention Schedule, attached as Exhibit 4] Plaintiff submitted his request on September 30, 2023, more than nineteen months after the February 28, 2022 email, meaning that any such messages may have been lawfully destroyed. The absence of responsive text messages is, therefore, entirely consistent with lawful records management practices and does not create a factual dispute warranting discovery. Critically, Plaintiff cannot simply will nonexistent documents into existence through the forcefulness and repetition of his requests. Nor can Plaintiff bootstrap speculation into necessity by stacking inference upon inference-first, that additional records must exist; second, that they were processed through a different workflow; and third, that that workflow was somehow unreasonable. This chain of conjecture is insufficient to justify discovery in a special action.\n\n## C. Plaintiff's Request Is, In Substance, An Attempt to Conduct 'Discovery on Discovery.'\n\nMuch like the discovery process in the civil litigation context, Arizona's public records law operates on an honor system grounded in legal and professional obligations to produce relevant, nonprivileged information, after reasonable inquiry, that is within the\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\n## party's possession, custody, and control. This concept was discussed in LKQ Corp v. Kia\n\nMotors Am., Inc. , where the court explained:\n\nDiscovery production is akin to an honor system. We trust that attorneys uphold their professional obligations and responsibilities by following the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to produce relevant, nonprivileged information, after a reasonable inquiry, that is within their client's possession, custody, and control.",
          "start_offset": 10844,
          "end_offset": 13758,
          "chunk_index": 4,
          "sentences": [
            "Significantly, Arizona's public records law applies only to documents pertaining to official activities.",
            "As the Arizona Supreme Court has stated: '[W]e reject [the] argument\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nthat all e-mails generated or maintained on a government-owned computer system are automatically public records[;] [s]ome e-mails will relate solely to personal matters and will not, therefore, reflect the requisite substantial nexus with government activities.' Griffis v.",
            "Pinal Cnty. , 215 Ariz. 1, 5 (2007).",
            "Here, the February 28, 2022 email leaves unanswered the question of whether Councilmember Pastor sent or received texts that constitute public records, as opposed to messages that were personal in nature.",
            "Without more, Plaintiff's assertions are too attenuated to justify the need for discovery.",
            "Furthermore, Plaintiff has failed to establish that the purported text messages existed at the time of his request.",
            "The City's retention schedule provides for the disposal of such messages after ninety days. [Excerpt from City's Records Retention Schedule, attached as Exhibit 4] Plaintiff submitted his request on September 30, 2023, more than nineteen months after the February 28, 2022 email, meaning that any such messages may have been lawfully destroyed.",
            "The absence of responsive text messages is, therefore, entirely consistent with lawful records management practices and does not create a factual dispute warranting discovery.",
            "Critically, Plaintiff cannot simply will nonexistent documents into existence through the forcefulness and repetition of his requests.",
            "Nor can Plaintiff bootstrap speculation into necessity by stacking inference upon inference-first, that additional records must exist; second, that they were processed through a different workflow; and third, that that workflow was somehow unreasonable.",
            "This chain of conjecture is insufficient to justify discovery in a special action.\n\n## C.",
            "Plaintiff's Request Is, In Substance, An Attempt to Conduct 'Discovery on Discovery.'\n\nMuch like the discovery process in the civil litigation context, Arizona's public records law operates on an honor system grounded in legal and professional obligations to produce relevant, nonprivileged information, after reasonable inquiry, that is within the\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\n## party's possession, custody, and control.",
            "This concept was discussed in LKQ Corp v.",
            "Kia\n\nMotors Am., Inc. , where the court explained:\n\nDiscovery production is akin to an honor system.",
            "We trust that attorneys uphold their professional obligations and responsibilities by following the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to produce relevant, nonprivileged information, after a reasonable inquiry, that is within their client's possession, custody, and control."
          ]
        },
        {
          "text": "As a general rule, attorneys do not secondguess each other's processes for producing responsive information. They may request more information after an initial disclosure or argue about objections, but generally they do not need a deep dive into the collection, review, and processing methodology of their opponent. If second-guessing was the norm, the whole discovery system would break down into an endless barrage of motions based on mistrust about the opponent's production. Counsel's status as an officer of the court, combined with the possibility of serious sanctions embedded in Rules 11 and 37 and other professional disciplinary measures, serve as a deterrent to lawyers from either intentionally or negligently failing to produce information. Trust in an adversarial process appears contradictory at first, but it is the bedrock of modern discovery practice and has worked well for decades.\n\n## 345 F.R.D. 152, 156 (N.D. Ill. 2023). Here, Plaintiff is seeking the functional equivalent of 'discovery upon discovery.' And, because the request is made in the context of a special action, it is doubly disfavored. Plaintiff's second-guessing here is clearly unwarranted given the City's efforts to work cooperatively with his counsel to conduct a second search for records with agreedupon terms and scope. Absent specific and substantial evidence of a material failure, courts do not permit parties to conduct intrusive examinations into collection and review methodologies. Id. at 162-63. As LKQ Corp. Court properly acknowledged, if secondguessing was the norm, the whole discovery system would break down into an endless barrage of motions based on mistrust about the opponent's production. Id. at 157. This principle is particularly compelling in a special action where the procedural framework prioritizes speed and efficiency. Allowing 'discovery on discovery' here would undermine those objectives and invite precisely the type of protracted litigation that LKQ cautions against. If a plaintiff could secure discovery merely by claiming that a public\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nentity's response might be incomplete, then discovery would effectively become routine in nearly every public records case-an outcome that directly conflicts with the fundamental principle that special actions are meant to be resolved quickly and without discovery.\n\n## II. Plaintiff's Asserted Need for Information Can Be Provided Through Less Intrusive Means. Assuming arguendo that Plaintiff is entitled to discovery (which he is not), he should be limited to using the least intrusive means necessary to obtain relevant information. Instead, he's opted for a 30(b)(6) deposition, which is a notoriously burdensome discovery tool. Courts have explicitly acknowledged that preparing a corporate witness designee for deposition may be an onerous and burdensome task. Great American Ins. Co. of New York v. Vegas Const.",
          "start_offset": 13758,
          "end_offset": 16747,
          "chunk_index": 5,
          "sentences": [
            "As a general rule, attorneys do not secondguess each other's processes for producing responsive information.",
            "They may request more information after an initial disclosure or argue about objections, but generally they do not need a deep dive into the collection, review, and processing methodology of their opponent.",
            "If second-guessing was the norm, the whole discovery system would break down into an endless barrage of motions based on mistrust about the opponent's production.",
            "Counsel's status as an officer of the court, combined with the possibility of serious sanctions embedded in Rules 11 and 37 and other professional disciplinary measures, serve as a deterrent to lawyers from either intentionally or negligently failing to produce information.",
            "Trust in an adversarial process appears contradictory at first, but it is the bedrock of modern discovery practice and has worked well for decades.\n\n## 345 F.R.D. 152, 156 (N.D.",
            "Ill. 2023).",
            "Here, Plaintiff is seeking the functional equivalent of 'discovery upon discovery.' And, because the request is made in the context of a special action, it is doubly disfavored.",
            "Plaintiff's second-guessing here is clearly unwarranted given the City's efforts to work cooperatively with his counsel to conduct a second search for records with agreedupon terms and scope.",
            "Absent specific and substantial evidence of a material failure, courts do not permit parties to conduct intrusive examinations into collection and review methodologies.",
            "Id. at 162-63.",
            "As LKQ Corp.",
            "Court properly acknowledged, if secondguessing was the norm, the whole discovery system would break down into an endless barrage of motions based on mistrust about the opponent's production.",
            "Id. at 157.",
            "This principle is particularly compelling in a special action where the procedural framework prioritizes speed and efficiency.",
            "Allowing 'discovery on discovery' here would undermine those objectives and invite precisely the type of protracted litigation that LKQ cautions against.",
            "If a plaintiff could secure discovery merely by claiming that a public\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nentity's response might be incomplete, then discovery would effectively become routine in nearly every public records case-an outcome that directly conflicts with the fundamental principle that special actions are meant to be resolved quickly and without discovery.\n\n## II.",
            "Plaintiff's Asserted Need for Information Can Be Provided Through Less Intrusive Means.",
            "Assuming arguendo that Plaintiff is entitled to discovery (which he is not), he should be limited to using the least intrusive means necessary to obtain relevant information.",
            "Instead, he's opted for a 30(b)(6) deposition, which is a notoriously burdensome discovery tool.",
            "Courts have explicitly acknowledged that preparing a corporate witness designee for deposition may be an onerous and burdensome task.",
            "Great American Ins.",
            "Co. of New York v.",
            "Vegas Const."
          ]
        },
        {
          "text": "Courts have explicitly acknowledged that preparing a corporate witness designee for deposition may be an onerous and burdensome task. Great American Ins. Co. of New York v. Vegas Const. Co, Inc. , 251 F.R.D. 534, 540 (D. Nev. 2008). The burden arises because the organization must identify appropriate witnesses, ensure they review all matters known or reasonably available to the organization, and prepare them to provide complete and binding testimony on behalf of the entity. See Id. Plaintiff's request discovery is also plagued by other infirmities. Despite his purported 'evidence' of nonresponsiveness being limited to text messages sent to Councilmember Pastor, Plaintiff is requesting to depose a representative of the City on fifteen sweeping categories that span across multiple Public Records requests. Plaintiff's request for 'limited' discovery is a misnomer, insofar as he seeks, among other things, limitless and City-wide testimony regarding:\n\n- Policies and practices regarding records of public business on non-City-issued devices or accounts, including what steps Defendants take (if any) to capture or preserve such communications when they relate to official activity, and how Defendants determined whether such sources were implicated here.\n- Retention, archiving, and deletion practices relevant to the custodians/systems searched, including any applicable retention schedules or purge cycles for email, text messaging, and collaboration tools during the relevant time period.\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nNotably, these are just two of the fifteen requests, and they would apply universally to the City, a large, complex organization with more than 14,000 employees and 41 departments. Furthermore, given the City's decentralized records-management structureinvolving multiple departments, custodians, and subject-matter experts-compliance would likely require the preparation and appearance of numerous individuals. Such an undertaking is fundamentally inconsistent with the streamlined and expedited nature of a special action while providing marginal, if any, evidentiary value. If the Court deems discovery necessary, the City can affirmatively provide Plaintiff with information regarding efforts to retrieve and produce text messages sent or received by Councilmember Pastor by furnishing sworn declarations from relevant City employees and officials. Indeed, this was mentioned as the preferred method in Plaintiff's own legal authority: '[T]he agency may rely on affidavits or declarations that provide reasonable detail of the scope of the search.' Phoenix New Times, L.L.C. v. Arpaio , 217 Ariz. 533, 539, 177 P.3d 275, 281 (Ct. App. 2008)\n\nIf the Court determines that additional information is warranted, mechanisms that are more efficient and less intrusive than a 30(b)(6) deposition exist to provide that information.",
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            "Great American Ins.",
            "Co. of New York v.",
            "Vegas Const.",
            "Co, Inc. , 251 F.R.D. 534, 540 (D.",
            "Nev. 2008).",
            "The burden arises because the organization must identify appropriate witnesses, ensure they review all matters known or reasonably available to the organization, and prepare them to provide complete and binding testimony on behalf of the entity.",
            "See Id.",
            "Plaintiff's request discovery is also plagued by other infirmities.",
            "Despite his purported 'evidence' of nonresponsiveness being limited to text messages sent to Councilmember Pastor, Plaintiff is requesting to depose a representative of the City on fifteen sweeping categories that span across multiple Public Records requests.",
            "Plaintiff's request for 'limited' discovery is a misnomer, insofar as he seeks, among other things, limitless and City-wide testimony regarding:\n\n- Policies and practices regarding records of public business on non-City-issued devices or accounts, including what steps Defendants take (if any) to capture or preserve such communications when they relate to official activity, and how Defendants determined whether such sources were implicated here.\n- Retention, archiving, and deletion practices relevant to the custodians/systems searched, including any applicable retention schedules or purge cycles for email, text messaging, and collaboration tools during the relevant time period.\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nNotably, these are just two of the fifteen requests, and they would apply universally to the City, a large, complex organization with more than 14,000 employees and 41 departments.",
            "Furthermore, given the City's decentralized records-management structureinvolving multiple departments, custodians, and subject-matter experts-compliance would likely require the preparation and appearance of numerous individuals.",
            "Such an undertaking is fundamentally inconsistent with the streamlined and expedited nature of a special action while providing marginal, if any, evidentiary value.",
            "If the Court deems discovery necessary, the City can affirmatively provide Plaintiff with information regarding efforts to retrieve and produce text messages sent or received by Councilmember Pastor by furnishing sworn declarations from relevant City employees and officials.",
            "Indeed, this was mentioned as the preferred method in Plaintiff's own legal authority: '[T]he agency may rely on affidavits or declarations that provide reasonable detail of the scope of the search.' Phoenix New Times, L.L.C. v.",
            "Arpaio , 217 Ariz. 533, 539, 177 P.3d 275, 281 (Ct.",
            "App. 2008)\n\nIf the Court determines that additional information is warranted, mechanisms that are more efficient and less intrusive than a 30(b)(6) deposition exist to provide that information."
          ]
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        {
          "text": "App. 2008)\n\nIf the Court determines that additional information is warranted, mechanisms that are more efficient and less intrusive than a 30(b)(6) deposition exist to provide that information. The use of such methods better aligns with the principle that discovery is rare and limited in special actions.\n\n## III. The City Is Not Required to Provide an Index, Nor Is One Necessary. Plaintiff's request for an index likewise lacks legal or evidentiary support. A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121.01(D)(2) provides, 'if requested, the custodian of the records of an agency shall also furnish an index of records or categories of records that have been withheld and the reasons the records or categories of records have been withheld from the requesting person. (emphasis added). The statute clarifies that for 'the purposes of this paragraph, 'agency' has the same meaning prescribed in \u00a7 41-1001 . . . .' A.R.S. \u00a7 41-1001(1) defines 'agency' as:\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nany board, commission, department, officer or other administrative unit of this state, including the agency head and one or more members of the agency head or agency employees or other persons directly or indirectly purporting to act on behalf or under the authority of the agency head, whether created under the Constitution of Arizona or by enactment of the legislature. [ ] Agency does not include a political subdivision of this state . . . .\n\n(emphasis added). Thus, as a matter of public policy, the Legislature made a deliberate decision to spare municipalities from the burden of creating an index. This Court should not casually override this policy decision. While the statute permits courts to order an index from a public body other than an agency in appropriate circumstances, such relief is unnecessary here because Plaintiff has failed to present any evidence that responsive records were discovered but improperly withheld.\n\n## CONCLUSION\n\nPlaintiff has not demonstrated that this is the rare case in which discovery is necessary in a special action. His motion is grounded in speculation, rather than evidence, seeks intrusive examination of internal processes, and would undermine the expedited framework governing special actions. For these reasons, the City respectfully requests that the Court deny Plaintiff's Motion for Limited Discovery and Index. RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED this 27th day of March, 2026.\n\n## PIERCE COLEMAN PLLC\n\nBy: /s/ Stephen B. Coleman Stephen B. Coleman Kate E. Cox 17851 N. 85 th Street, Suite 175 Scottsdale, Arizona 85255 Attorneys for Defendants\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nORIGINAL of the foregoing *e-filed with the court this 27th day of March, 2026, via AZ Turbo Court:\n\n*The Honorable Randall H. Warner\n\nJoshua W. Carden ROBINSON LAW OFFICES [email protected]\n\nBy: /s/\n\nMary Walker",
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            "The use of such methods better aligns with the principle that discovery is rare and limited in special actions.\n\n## III.",
            "The City Is Not Required to Provide an Index, Nor Is One Necessary.",
            "Plaintiff's request for an index likewise lacks legal or evidentiary support.",
            "A.R.S. \u00a7 39-121.01(D)(2) provides, 'if requested, the custodian of the records of an agency shall also furnish an index of records or categories of records that have been withheld and the reasons the records or categories of records have been withheld from the requesting person. (emphasis added).",
            "The statute clarifies that for 'the purposes of this paragraph, 'agency' has the same meaning prescribed in \u00a7 41-1001 . . . .' A.R.S. \u00a7 41-1001(1) defines 'agency' as:\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nany board, commission, department, officer or other administrative unit of this state, including the agency head and one or more members of the agency head or agency employees or other persons directly or indirectly purporting to act on behalf or under the authority of the agency head, whether created under the Constitution of Arizona or by enactment of the legislature. [ ] Agency does not include a political subdivision of this state . . . .\n\n(emphasis added).",
            "Thus, as a matter of public policy, the Legislature made a deliberate decision to spare municipalities from the burden of creating an index.",
            "This Court should not casually override this policy decision.",
            "While the statute permits courts to order an index from a public body other than an agency in appropriate circumstances, such relief is unnecessary here because Plaintiff has failed to present any evidence that responsive records were discovered but improperly withheld.\n\n## CONCLUSION\n\nPlaintiff has not demonstrated that this is the rare case in which discovery is necessary in a special action.",
            "His motion is grounded in speculation, rather than evidence, seeks intrusive examination of internal processes, and would undermine the expedited framework governing special actions.",
            "For these reasons, the City respectfully requests that the Court deny Plaintiff's Motion for Limited Discovery and Index.",
            "RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED this 27th day of March, 2026.\n\n## PIERCE COLEMAN PLLC\n\nBy: /s/ Stephen B.",
            "Coleman Stephen B.",
            "Coleman Kate E.",
            "Cox 17851 N. 85 th Street, Suite 175 Scottsdale, Arizona 85255 Attorneys for Defendants\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nORIGINAL of the foregoing *e-filed with the court this 27th day of March, 2026, via AZ Turbo Court:\n\n*The Honorable Randall H.",
            "Warner\n\nJoshua W.",
            "Carden ROBINSON LAW OFFICES [email protected]\n\nBy: /s/\n\nMary Walker"
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              "es-mx": "Actor",
              "pt-br": "Autor da a\u00e7\u00e3o",
              "en-gb": "Claimant",
              "es-es": "Demandante",
              "de-de": "Kl\u00e4ger",
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            "concept_text": "Plaintiff",
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              "Caso principal del demandante",
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            "concept_text": "Plaintiff",
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            "concept_text": "Plaintiff",
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            "folio_label": "Plaintiff Would Have Consented",
            "folio_definition": "Defendant is not liable where defendant proves plaintiff would have consented, even though a reasonable person in plaintiff's position might not have consented to the procedure had he been given enough information about its risks.",
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              "Exibi\u00e7\u00e3o de Velocidade",
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              "Geschwindigkeitsausstellung",
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          "folio_iri": "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/RBKXEdlGEMzeuinxEdRGBF5",
          "folio_label": "Consideration",
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          "folio_source": "ABA M&A Deal Points Study",
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            "Contrapresta\u00e7\u00e3o",
            "Contrepartie",
            "Gegenleistung",
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            "\u5bf9\u4ef7",
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          "translations": {
            "en-gb": "Consideration",
            "es-es": "Contraprestaci\u00f3n",
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                "\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 - \u0928\u0915\u0926",
                "\u5bf9\u4ef7 - \u73b0\u91d1",
                "\u5bfe\u4fa1 - \u73fe\u91d1"
              ]
            },
            {
              "concept_text": "consideration",
              "folio_iri": "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/RDvY0TcDt3VYHZiiDhPUh38",
              "folio_label": "Consideration Clause",
              "folio_definition": "A consideration clause is a provision in a contract that outlines the exchange of something of value between parties, which is necessary for the contract to be legally binding.",
              "branches": [
                "Objectives"
              ],
              "branch_color": "#b03020",
              "confidence": 0.9520000000000001,
              "source": "entity_ruler",
              "state": "backup",
              "iri_hash": "RDvY0TcDt3VYHZiiDhPUh38",
              "folio_alt_labels": [
                "Clause de contrepartie",
                "Cl\u00e1usula de contraprestaci\u00f3n",
                "Cl\u00e1usula de contrapresta\u00e7\u00e3o",
                "Consideration Clause",
                "Gegenleistungsklausel",
                "\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 \u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea",
                "\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u0949\u091c",
                "\u5bf9\u4ef7\u6761\u6b3e",
                "\u5bfe\u4fa1\u6761\u9805"
              ]
            },
            {
              "concept_text": "consideration",
              "folio_iri": "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/RBoME1QthxHCALO8FsfDsF6",
              "folio_label": "Consideration - Stock",
              "folio_definition": "The concept of \"Consideration - Stock\" refers to the exchange of stocks as the form of payment in a legal agreement, where both parties agree to the transfer of ownership of the stocks in exchange for the fulfillment of obligations or promises.",
              "branches": [
                "Objectives"
              ],
              "branch_color": "#b03020",
              "confidence": 0.9520000000000001,
              "source": "entity_ruler",
              "state": "backup",
              "iri_hash": "RBoME1QthxHCALO8FsfDsF6",
              "folio_alt_labels": [
                "Consideration - Stock",
                "Contraprestaci\u00f3n - Acciones",
                "Contrapresta\u00e7\u00e3o - A\u00e7\u00f5es",
                "Contrepartie - Actions",
                "Gegenleistung - Aktien",
                "\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 - \u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea",
                "\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 - \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u0915",
                "\u5bf9\u4ef7 - \u80a1\u7968",
                "\u5bfe\u4fa1 - \u682a\u5f0f"
              ]
            },
            {
              "concept_text": "consideration",
              "folio_iri": "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/RD1qUz0KrZHpESQZDn0SY7R",
              "folio_label": "Consideration - Goods",
              "folio_definition": "Consideration of Goods is a legal term referring to tangible items or products that are provided as consideration, or something of value, in exchange for a promise or performance under a contract. One party's promise is exchanged for the goods provided by the other party.",
              "branches": [
                "Objectives"
              ],
              "branch_color": "#b03020",
              "confidence": 0.9520000000000001,
              "source": "entity_ruler",
              "state": "backup",
              "iri_hash": "RD1qUz0KrZHpESQZDn0SY7R",
              "folio_alt_labels": [
                "Consideration - Goods",
                "Contraprestaci\u00f3n - Bienes",
                "Contrapresta\u00e7\u00e3o - Bens",
                "Contrepartie - Biens",
                "Gegenleistung - Waren",
                "\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 - \u05e1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea",
                "\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 - \u092e\u093e\u0932",
                "\u5bf9\u4ef7 - \u5546\u54c1",
                "\u5bfe\u4fa1 - \u5546\u54c1"
              ]
            },
            {
              "concept_text": "consideration",
              "folio_iri": "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/RCTynzAwJhrTUyUakE3LRhm",
              "folio_label": "Consideration - Real Estate Assets",
              "folio_definition": "Consideration of real estate assets refer to the land, buildings, and other property-related resources that are transferred from the one party to another as part of the deal.",
              "branches": [
                "Objectives"
              ],
              "branch_color": "#b03020",
              "confidence": 0.9520000000000001,
              "source": "entity_ruler",
              "state": "backup",
              "iri_hash": "RCTynzAwJhrTUyUakE3LRhm",
              "folio_alt_labels": [
                "Consideration - Real Estate Assets",
                "Contraprestaci\u00f3n - Activos Inmobiliarios",
                "Contrapresta\u00e7\u00e3o - Ativos imobili\u00e1rios",
                "Contrepartie - Actifs immobiliers",
                "Gegenleistung - Immobilienverm\u00f6gen",
                "\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 - \u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9 \u05e0\u05d3\u05dc\u05df",
                "\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 - \u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u090f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f",
                "\u5bf9\u4ef7 - \u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u8d44\u4ea7",
                "\u5bfe\u4fa1 - \u4e0d\u52d5\u7523\u8cc7\u7523"
              ]
            }
          ],
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            {
              "stage": "resolution",
              "action": "enriched",
              "detail": "Resolved to FOLIO: 'Consideration'",
              "confidence": 0.72
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "concept_text": "firm",
          "folio_iri": "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/RiRZCIYSrlWbUE4T76ifCF",
          "folio_label": "Law Firm",
          "folio_definition": "A law firm is a business entity with one or more lawyers and allied legal professionals to engage in the practice of law. It provides legal services to clients, including legal advice, representation in legal proceedings, and assistance with various legal matters.",
          "branches": [
            "Actor / Player"
          ],
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          "confidence": 0.72,
          "source": "entity_ruler",
          "state": "confirmed",
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          "iri_hash": "RiRZCIYSrlWbUE4T76ifCF",
          "folio_examples": null,
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          "folio_alt_labels": [
            "External Counsel",
            "Solicitors' Firm"
          ],
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          "_backup_candidates": [
            {
              "concept_text": "firm",
              "folio_iri": "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/RFJ69YSKEGMCQh0emzDcu0",
              "folio_label": "Firm Associate",
              "folio_definition": "A Firm Associate is a lawyer who is employed by a law firm and works under the supervision of partners or senior associates.",
              "branches": [
                "Engagement Terms"
              ],
              "branch_color": "#10613a",
              "confidence": 0.9520000000000001,
              "source": "entity_ruler",
              "state": "backup",
              "iri_hash": "RFJ69YSKEGMCQh0emzDcu0",
              "folio_alt_labels": [
                "Asociado de la Firma",
                "Asociado de la firma",
                "Associado de escrit\u00f3rio",
                "Collaborateur de cabinet",
                "Firm Associate",
                "Kanzleimitarbeiter",
                "\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e3 \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3",
                "\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e3 \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9",
                "\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940",
                "\u092b\u0930\u094d\u092e \u090f\u0938\u094b\u0938\u093f\u090f\u091f",
                "\u5f8b\u6240\u804c\u5458",
                "\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e8b\u52d9\u6240\u306e\u30a2\u30bd\u30b7\u30a8\u30a4\u30c8"
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            },
            {
              "concept_text": "firm",
              "folio_iri": "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/RBu4G0fGR03P9qzzvvp00tK",
              "folio_label": "Firm Of Counsel",
              "folio_definition": "A \"Firm Of Counsel\" is a type of lawyer who is affiliated with a law firm and provides legal advice and services to the firm's clients on a regular basis, but is not an employee or partner of the firm.",
              "branches": [
                "Engagement Terms"
              ],
              "branch_color": "#10613a",
              "confidence": 0.9520000000000001,
              "source": "entity_ruler",
              "state": "backup",
              "iri_hash": "RBu4G0fGR03P9qzzvvp00tK",
              "folio_alt_labels": [
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                "Cabinet de conseil",
                "Escrit\u00f3rio de consultoria",
                "Firm Of Counsel",
                "Firma de Abogados Asesores",
                "Firma de Abogados Consultores",
                "\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3 \u05e2\u05d5\"\u05d3 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e2\u05e5",
                "\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3 \u05e2\u05d5\"\u05d3 \u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05e2\u05e5",
                "\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0938\u0932 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u0940",
                "\u9867\u554f\u5f01\u8b77\u58eb\u4e8b\u52d9\u6240",
                "\u987e\u95ee\u5f8b\u5e08\u4e8b\u52a1\u6240"
              ]
            },
            {
              "concept_text": "firm",
              "folio_iri": "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/Rg0eYCEL8F2mZNzegLGntR",
              "folio_label": "Firm Administrator",
              "folio_definition": "A Firm Administrator is a non-timekeeping provider who manages the operations and administrative tasks of a law firm.",
              "branches": [
                "Engagement Terms"
              ],
              "branch_color": "#10613a",
              "confidence": 0.9520000000000001,
              "source": "entity_ruler",
              "state": "backup",
              "iri_hash": "Rg0eYCEL8F2mZNzegLGntR",
              "folio_alt_labels": [
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                "Administrador de la empresa",
                "Administrateur de cabinet",
                "Firm Administrator",
                "Firmenadministrator",
                "\u05de\u05e0\u05d4\u05dc \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4",
                "\u092b\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915",
                "\u4e8b\u52d9\u6240\u7ba1\u7406\u8005",
                "\u516c\u53f8\u7ba1\u7406\u5458"
              ]
            },
            {
              "concept_text": "firm",
              "folio_iri": "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/R8KQ6nS2QG4nNITfi4PTfdK",
              "folio_label": "Firm Equity Partner",
              "folio_definition": "A Firm Equity Partner is a partner in a law firm who holds an ownership interest in the firm, typically through the purchase of shares, and is entitled to a share of the firm's profits.",
              "branches": [
                "Engagement Terms"
              ],
              "branch_color": "#10613a",
              "confidence": 0.9520000000000001,
              "source": "entity_ruler",
              "state": "backup",
              "iri_hash": "R8KQ6nS2QG4nNITfi4PTfdK",
              "folio_alt_labels": [
                "Associ\u00e9 en capital fixe",
                "Fester Equity-Partner",
                "Firm Equity Partner",
                "Socio de capital de la firma",
                "S\u00f3cio de capital fixo",
                "\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e3 \u05d1\u05e7\u05e8\u05df \u05d4\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3 \u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df",
                "\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e3 \u05d1\u05e7\u05e8\u05df \u05d4\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3",
                "\u092b\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0907\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0928\u0930",
                "\u516c\u53f8\u80a1\u6743\u5408\u4f19\u4eba",
                "\u56fa\u5b9a\u682a\u5f0f\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u30ca\u30fc"
              ]
            }
          ],
          "_lineage_events": [
            {
              "stage": "resolution",
              "action": "enriched",
              "detail": "Resolved to FOLIO: 'Law Firm'",
              "confidence": 0.72
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "concept_text": "deposition",
          "folio_iri": "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/RCnTNVCQ1VndGxskbMoaLr8",
          "folio_label": "Deposition",
          "folio_definition": "A deposition is a legal discovery event where a witness is questioned under oath by attorneys from both sides of a case, and the testimony is recorded for use in court proceedings.",
          "branches": [
            "Event"
          ],
          "branch_color": "#b91c1c",
          "confidence": 0.72,
          "source": "entity_ruler",
          "state": "confirmed",
          "hierarchy_path": [],
          "iri_hash": "RCnTNVCQ1VndGxskbMoaLr8",
          "folio_examples": null,
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            "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/R8qItBwG2pRMFhUq1HQEMnb"
          ],
          "folio_source": null,
          "folio_alt_labels": [
            "Aussage",
            "Declaraci\u00f3n jurada",
            "Depoimento",
            "Deposition",
            "D\u00e9position",
            "\u05d4\u05e6\u05d4\u05e8\u05d4 \u05ea\u05d7\u05ea \u05d7\u05ea\u05d9\u05de\u05d4",
            "\u0917\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940",
            "\u8a3c\u8a00",
            "\u8bc1\u8a00"
          ],
          "folio_hidden_label": null,
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          "translations": {
            "de-de": "Aussage",
            "es-es": "Declaraci\u00f3n jurada",
            "es-mx": "Declaraci\u00f3n jurada",
            "pt-br": "Depoimento",
            "en-gb": "Deposition",
            "fr-fr": "D\u00e9position",
            "he-il": "\u05d4\u05e6\u05d4\u05e8\u05d4 \u05ea\u05d7\u05ea \u05d7\u05ea\u05d9\u05de\u05d4",
            "hi-in": "\u0917\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940",
            "ja-jp": "\u8a3c\u8a00",
            "zh-cn": "\u8bc1\u8a00"
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          "_backup_candidates": [
            {
              "concept_text": "deposition",
              "folio_iri": "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/RDrCoGiMIXR6TcVXppICUT5",
              "folio_label": "Deposition Practice",
              "folio_definition": "Deposition Practice refers to the legal process of obtaining sworn testimony from a witness outside of court, typically conducted in a lawyer's office or other location, as part of the discovery process in a legal matter.",
              "branches": [
                "Service"
              ],
              "branch_color": "#065e4e",
              "confidence": 0.9520000000000001,
              "source": "entity_ruler",
              "state": "backup",
              "iri_hash": "RDrCoGiMIXR6TcVXppICUT5",
              "folio_alt_labels": [
                "Depositions",
                "Deposition",
                "Deposition Service",
                "Aussagepraxis",
                "Deposition Practice",
                "Pratique de la d\u00e9position",
                "Pr\u00e1ctica de deposici\u00f3n",
                "Pr\u00e1tica de depoimento",
                "\u05ea\u05e8\u05d2\u05d5\u05dc \u05d4\u05e4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4",
                "\u0917\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938",
                "\u8a3c\u8a00\u306e\u5b9f\u8df5",
                "\u8bc1\u8a00\u5b9e\u8df5"
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            },
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              "concept_text": "deposition",
              "folio_iri": "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/RBvtywUiDKBUTbufifIxsAh",
              "folio_label": "Deposition Posture",
              "folio_definition": "Deposition Posture refers to the specific role or position taken by a party during a deposition, such as observing, defending, or taking the deposition.",
              "branches": [
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              "branch_color": "#065e4e",
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              "iri_hash": "RBvtywUiDKBUTbufifIxsAh",
              "folio_alt_labels": [
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                "Postura de deposici\u00f3n",
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                "Posture de d\u00e9p\u00f4t",
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                "\u091c\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0901\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0928\u093e",
                "\u5806\u7a4d\u59ff\u52e2",
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            },
            {
              "concept_text": "deposition",
              "folio_iri": "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/RbGCkYUl0ez4BrJVU6fH7r",
              "folio_label": "Deposition Exhibit",
              "folio_definition": "A deposition exhibit is a physical or digital item presented as evidence during a deposition, which is a pre-trial legal proceeding where witnesses are questioned under oath.",
              "branches": [
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              ],
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              "source": "entity_ruler",
              "state": "backup",
              "iri_hash": "RbGCkYUl0ez4BrJVU6fH7r",
              "folio_alt_labels": [
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                "\u8a3c\u8a00\u5c55\u793a",
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              "concept_text": "deposition",
              "folio_iri": "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/RBNupxuGzaUzRiuadn9VztL",
              "folio_label": "Deposition Subpoena",
              "folio_definition": "A deposition subpoena is a legal document that requires a witness to appear and give testimony in a deposition, which is a pre-trial questioning under oath.",
              "branches": [
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              ],
              "branch_color": "#9c4a10",
              "confidence": 0.9520000000000001,
              "source": "entity_ruler",
              "state": "backup",
              "iri_hash": "RBNupxuGzaUzRiuadn9VztL",
              "folio_alt_labels": [
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                "Citaci\u00f3n para declaraci\u00f3n jurada",
                "Citatorio para declaraci\u00f3n testimonial",
                "Deposition Subpoena",
                "Intima\u00e7\u00e3o de depoimento",
                "Zeugnisvorladung",
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                "\u0917\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u092a\u094b\u090f\u0928\u093e",
                "\u4f20\u7968\u8bc1\u4eba\u4f5c\u8bc1",
                "\u8a3c\u8a00\u5c0b\u554f\u547d\u4ee4"
              ]
            },
            {
              "concept_text": "deposition",
              "folio_iri": "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/R8MRMBiI7kaG6ZC9DpJtDlp",
              "folio_label": "Deposition Recording",
              "folio_definition": "A Deposition Recording is a type of transcript or recording that captures the testimony of a witness or party under oath, typically used in legal proceedings.",
              "branches": [
                "Document / Artifact"
              ],
              "branch_color": "#9c4a10",
              "confidence": 0.9520000000000001,
              "source": "entity_ruler",
              "state": "backup",
              "iri_hash": "R8MRMBiI7kaG6ZC9DpJtDlp",
              "folio_alt_labels": [
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                "Enregistrement de d\u00e9position",
                "Grabaci\u00f3n de declaraci\u00f3n",
                "Grabaci\u00f3n de deposici\u00f3n",
                "Grava\u00e7\u00e3o de depoimento",
                "Zeugenaussageaufzeichnung",
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                "\u0917\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917",
                "\u8a3c\u8a00\u9332\u97f3",
                "\u8bc1\u8a00\u8bb0\u5f55"
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            }
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          "_lineage_events": [
            {
              "stage": "resolution",
              "action": "enriched",
              "detail": "Resolved to FOLIO: 'Deposition'",
              "confidence": 0.72
            }
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        {
          "concept_text": "fishing",
          "folio_iri": "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/IxQ2IeyQTk-NBAIa2h95Cg",
          "folio_label": "Fishing",
          "folio_definition": "NULL",
          "branches": [
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                "Formulaire d'obligation de soutien domestique",
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              "folio_definition": "A Formation Agreement is a type of legal agreement that outlines the terms and conditions of a business arrangement between parties, specifically related to the creation or formation of a new entity or venture.",
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          "folio_label": "Warrant",
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          "folio_definition": "Denial is a response to a claim where the defendant asserts that the allegations made against them are false or invalid.",
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          "translations": {
            "en-gb": "Denial",
            "es-es": "Negaci\u00f3n",
            "es-mx": "Negaci\u00f3n",
            "pt-br": "Nega\u00e7\u00e3o",
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            "de-de": "Verweigerung",
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          "translations": {
            "de-de": "Anh\u00f6rung",
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            "es-es": "Audiencia",
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                "Ordonnance accordant une demande",
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                "Ordem para Audi\u00eancia Telef\u00f4nica",
                "Orden para Audiencia Telef\u00f3nica",
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                "Order for Telephonic Hearing",
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                "Orden para la Conferencia Previa al Juicio",
                "Orden para la Conferencia Prev\u00eda al Juicio",
                "Order for Pre-Hearing Conference",
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                "Order of Precedence Clause",
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            "es-mx": "Junta",
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              "folio_label": "Evidence",
              "folio_definition": "Evidence refers to information, data, or physical items presented in a legal proceeding to support or refute a claim or charge. Its purpose is to prove or disprove the existence of an alleged fact. Evidence can take many forms, including witness testimony, documents, photographs, and forensic findings, and its admissibility in court is governed by a set of legal standards and rules.",
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              "concept_text": "substantial evidence",
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              "folio_label": "Trial Court Practice Documents",
              "folio_definition": "Trial Court Practice Documents are written or presented materials used in the litigation process, including exhibits, reports, affidavits, motions, stipulations, and other procedural documents created or used in trial courts.",
              "branches": [
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              "iri_hash": "R7zvYKadqTXgMZV8ghLsloR",
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                "Documentos de pr\u00e1ctica del tribunal de juicio",
                "Documentos de pr\u00e1ctica del tribunal de primera instancia",
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              "detail": "Resolved to FOLIO: 'Substantial Evidence'",
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          "folio_definition": "A license is a legal authorization granted by a governing body or entity, permitting an individual or organization to engage in certain activities, such as operating a business or practicing a profession. Licenses are generally subject to regulations and can be revoked if the licensee fails to comply with specified conditions.",
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          "confidence": 0.72,
          "source": "entity_ruler",
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            "License",
            "Regulatory License"
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              "folio_definition": "Real Estate Permit Review consists of legal services related to relevant regulatory authorities' formal evaluation process to assess and approve or deny permit applications related to real estate development or modification. The review ensures that the proposed activities comply with existing land use regulations, building codes, and other applicable laws and policies.",
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              "folio_alt_labels": [
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                "Klausel zur zul\u00e4ssigen Offenlegung",
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              "folio_label": "Unconscionability Permitting Contract Rescission",
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                "Permettre la r\u00e9siliation du contrat pour iniquit\u00e9",
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              "concept_text": "permit",
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              "folio_label": "\"Permitted Discretion\" Definition",
              "folio_definition": "",
              "branches": [
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              "source": "entity_ruler",
              "state": "backup",
              "iri_hash": "RC5uqrE0aZrawUwJT06Ybqo",
              "folio_alt_labels": [
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                "Discri\u00e7\u00e3o permitida",
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              "stage": "resolution",
              "action": "enriched",
              "detail": "Resolved to FOLIO: 'Licenses and Permits'",
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        },
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          "concept_text": "objectives",
          "folio_iri": "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/RlNFgB3TQfMzV26V4V7u4E",
          "folio_label": "Objectives",
          "folio_definition": "Specific aims, goals, arguments, plans, intentions, designs, purposes, schemes, etc. that are constructed by a party in a legal matter, and the legal or other professional frameworks that support their execution.",
          "branches": [],
          "branch_color": "",
          "confidence": 0.654,
          "source": "entity_ruler",
          "state": "rejected",
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            "Objectifs",
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          "translations": {
            "fr-fr": "Objectifs",
            "en-gb": "Objectives",
            "es-es": "Objetivos",
            "es-mx": "Objetivos",
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            "hi-in": "\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f",
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              "detail": "Resolved to FOLIO: 'Objectives'",
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            },
            {
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              "detail": "LLM judge could not assign a branch",
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            }
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          "folio_label": "Witness",
          "folio_definition": "A witness or non-party is a person or entity called upon to produce documents or provide testimony or other information in connection with a dispute or proceeding (and not a party to the dispute or proceeding).",
          "branches": [
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            "Testemunha",
            "Testigo",
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          "translations": {
            "pt-br": "Testemunha",
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            "ja-jp": "\u8a3c\u4eba",
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              "folio_label": "Witness List",
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              "branches": [
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                "Witness Statement",
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                "\u0917\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u092c\u092f\u093e\u0928",
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            {
              "concept_text": "witness",
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              "branches": [
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              "iri_hash": "RBt1Zb6XPgscZkJYkccVtXe",
              "folio_alt_labels": [
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                "Zeugenaussageaufzeichnung",
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              "concept_text": "witness",
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              "detail": "Resolved to FOLIO: 'Witness'",
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          "concept_text": "New York",
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          "sentence": "It does not require the creation of new records, the preservation of records beyond approved retention schedules, or the\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nundertaking of limitless investigative efforts to satisfy speculation that additional documents might exist.",
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          "predicate": "require",
          "object": "the \n\n 1 \n\n 2 \n\n 3 \n\n 4 \n\n 5 \n\n 6 \n\n",
          "sentence": "It does not require the creation of new records, the preservation of records beyond approved retention schedules, or the\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nundertaking of limitless investigative efforts to satisfy speculation that additional documents might exist.",
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        },
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          "subject": "Which",
          "predicate": "permit in",
          "object": "Special Actions",
          "sentence": "## I. Discovery-Which Is Rarely Permitted in Special Actions-Is Not Justified Here Because It Is Not Necessary.\n\n",
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        },
        {
          "subject": "the speedy determination of the issue",
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          "sentence": "Rather, 'the speedy determination of the issue is of prime consideration.'",
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        {
          "subject": "discovery",
          "predicate": "permit in",
          "object": "exceedingly rare instances where it is absolutely necessary for the resolution of the disputed issues",
          "sentence": "Accordingly, discovery is permitted only in exceedingly rare instances where it is absolutely necessary for the resolution of the disputed issues.",
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        },
        {
          "subject": "His motion",
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          "subject": "# # A. Information Sought",
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          "object": "Warrant Discovery",
          "sentence": "## A. Information Sought is not Relevant or of Sufficient Evidentiary Value to Warrant Discovery.\n\n",
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          "subject": "Plaintiff 's own counsel",
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          "subject": "Exhibit 3 ]",
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          "object": "any claim that the search methodology was unreasonably deficient or biased",
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          "sentence": "[Exhibit 3] That fact significantly undermines any claim that the search methodology was unreasonably deficient or biased.\n\n",
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          "subject": "that",
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          "sentence": "Courts routinely reject such requests absent a concrete showing of a deficient process-evidence that does not exist in this matter.\n\n",
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        },
        {
          "subject": "1 \n\n 2 \n\n 3 \n\n 4 \n\n 5 \n\n 6 \n\n 7 \n\n 8 \n\n 9 \n\n 10 \n\n 11 \n\n 12 \n\n 13 \n\n 14 \n\n 15 \n\n 16 \n\n 17 \n\n 18 \n\n 19 \n\n 20 \n\n 21 \n\n 22 \n\n 23 \n\n 24 \n\n 25 \n\n 26 \n\n 27 \n\n 28 \n\n # # B. Plaintiff 's Evidence",
          "predicate": "demonstrate",
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          "subject": "the court in an original special action",
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          "subject": "[agent]",
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        },
        {
          "subject": "Plaintiff 's proffered evidence",
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          "subject": "requests",
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          "sentence": "That twenty months elapsed before the City provided Plaintiff with the responsive records, and that the Plaintiff's name was included on an emailed list of individuals and topics for which requests should be flagged as high profile, does not warrant the Court taking the rare step of ordering discovery.",
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        },
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          "subject": "The trial court",
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          "sentence": "at 198 ('The trial court, after a hearing, ruled that some of the information had already been furnished to the Recipients and that the remainder of the information sought was not relevant or of sufficient evidentiary value to warrant an order compelling discovery.').",
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          "subject": "The trial court",
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          "sentence": "at 198 ('The trial court, after a hearing, ruled that some of the information had already been furnished to the Recipients and that the remainder of the information sought was not relevant or of sufficient evidentiary value to warrant an order compelling discovery.').",
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          "subject": "[agent]",
          "predicate": "construe",
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          "sentence": "The inclusion of Plaintiff's name in an email to the Public Records Coordinator is not evidence of obstruction or obfuscation; it can just as easily be construed as demonstrating the City's commitment to take special care in processing and responding to Plaintiff's requests and the requests of other similarly frequent requestors.\n\n",
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          "subject": "discovery",
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          "sentence": "Plaintiff's reliance on a February 28, 2022, email referencing text messages likewise falls short of demonstrating that this is the rare case in which discovery is necessary.",
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          "sentence": "The email states, in pertinent part: 'I have been texting with Laura and I would love to set up a meeting to visit with her about project at Glenrosa and Central.",
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        },
        {
          "subject": "Arizona 's public records law",
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          "sentence": "As the Arizona Supreme Court has stated: '[W]e reject [the] argument\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\nthat all e-mails generated or maintained on a government-owned computer system are automatically public records[;]",
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          "subject": "mails",
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          "subject": "that",
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          "sentence": "Here, the February 28, 2022 email leaves unanswered the question of whether Councilmember Pastor sent or received texts that constitute public records, as opposed to messages that were personal in nature.",
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        },
        {
          "subject": "Plaintiff 's assertions",
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          "sentence": "Without more, Plaintiff's assertions are too attenuated to justify the need for discovery.\n\n",
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          "subject": "The City 's retention schedule",
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          "subject": "Plaintiff",
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        {
          "subject": "The absence of responsive text messages",
          "predicate": "create",
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          "sentence": "The absence of responsive text messages is, therefore, entirely consistent with lawful records management practices and does not create a factual dispute warranting discovery.\n\n",
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        {
          "subject": "Plaintiff",
          "predicate": "will",
          "object": "nonexistent documents into existence",
          "sentence": "Critically, Plaintiff cannot simply will nonexistent documents into existence through the forcefulness and repetition of his requests.",
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          "subject_iri": "https://folio.openlegalstandard.org/R9tyJmIM3Lx7OItGji5zPXN",
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        {
          "subject": "Plaintiff",
          "predicate": "will through",
          "object": "the forcefulness and repetition of his requests",
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        {
          "subject": "they",
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          "sentence": "Despite his purported 'evidence' of nonresponsiveness being limited to text messages sent to Councilmember Pastor, Plaintiff is requesting to depose a representative of the City on fifteen sweeping categories that span across multiple Public Records requests.\n\n",
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        {
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          "sentence": "Plaintiff's request for 'limited' discovery is a misnomer, insofar as he seeks, among other things, limitless and City-wide testimony regarding:\n\n- Policies and practices regarding records of public business on non-City-issued devices or accounts, including what steps Defendants take (if any) to capture or preserve such communications when they relate to official activity, and how Defendants determined whether such sources were implicated here.\n- Retention, archiving, and deletion practices relevant to the custodians/systems searched, including any applicable retention schedules or purge cycles for email, text messaging, and collaboration tools during the relevant time period.\n\n",
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